1. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.1 Infokommunikációs rendszerek – Infocommunication Systems Lecture 4. előadás Kódolás, nyalábolás, kapcsolás Coding, multiplexing, switching Takács György

2. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.2 Where we are now in study (tele-, info-) communications systems? Networks are working systems of terminals, nodes and links The basic technologies in links (wireline and wireless) have been discussed Node functions (multiplexing, switching, signalling, demultiplexing) will be discussed today

3. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.3

4. 4

5. 5 Analog modulation systems- (AM) Amplitude modulation The momentary amplitude of the carrier is proportional to the momentary amplitude of the modulating signal

6. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.6 Analog modulation systems- (AM)

7. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.7 The spectrum of the AM in the case of discrete f m modulation frequency

8. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.8 Frequency modulation systems- (FM) The momentary frequency of the carrier is proportional to the momentary amplitude of the modulating signal

9. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.9 Frequency modulation systems- (FM)

10. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.10 The spectrum of FM modulated signal in the case of discrete f m modulation frequency

11. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.11 Digital modulation methods – Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

12. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.12 Digital modulation methods – Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

13. Generation of BPSK Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.13 x  ~ Carrier signal BPSK t 1 0 0 1 +1

14. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.14 Digital modulation methods – Constellation Diagram / BPSK

15. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.15 Eye diagram as a basis for demodulation of BPSK signal Received BPSK signal x Carrier signal comparator 1,0,1,0 ∫ Eye diagram

16. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.16 Digital modulation methods –Qadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Two carriers: sine wave (Q) and cosine wave (I) The modulated signal is the sum of the two components One symbol is two bits

17. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.17 Digital modulation methods –Qadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

18. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.18 Digital modulation methods –Qadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

19. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.19 Digital modulation methods –Qadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 1

20. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.20 Digital modulation methods –Qadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Two carriers: sine wave (Q) and cosine wave (I) The modulated signal is the sum of the two components Different amplitude and differnt phase values for one symbol 16QAM means: one symbol is four bits

21. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.21 Digital modulation methods –Qadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM)

22. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.22 Digital modulation methods –Qadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM)

23. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.23 Digital modulation methods –Qadrature Amplitude Modulation with channel noise

24. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.24 Why to use sophisticated modulations -- like QAM? To put more bits into the standard medium –twisted pair cable –ADSL, Gigabit Ethernet, –coaxial cable – digital TV, HDTV, INTERNET, –Radio – GSM, satellite TV and radio program broadcasting Efficient use of spectum (the radio spectrum is a limited resource)

25. Bit error rate as a function of signal to noise ratio using BPSK modulation Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.25

26. Channel capacity as a function of signal to ratio at different modulation system. The reference is the BPSK Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.26

27. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.27 Multiplexing vs. switching City ACity B 10 5 10 3 Trunks for active calls only

28. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.28 Multiplexing principles To reduce transmission costs To utilize higher bandwidth „Framing” and „packing” of information TDM -- Time Division Multiplexing FDM -- Frequency Division Multiplexing CDMA -- Code Division Multiple Access WDM -- Wavelength Division Multiplexing Mixed

29. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.29 TDM principles I. PCM frame 4.50 ábra (Pulse Code Modulation) 125 µs

30. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.30 TDM principles II. PDH hierarchy 4.51 ábra Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

31. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.31 TDM principles III. PDH hierarchy 4.51 ábra

32. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.32 SDH hierarchy SDH – Synchronous Digital Hierarchy VC – Virtual Container (multiplexing level) STM-N Synchronous Transport Modules (line signal level) POH – path overhead (control and supervisory information) POH+Payload=VC A number of VCs can packaged into a larger VC

33. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.33 Transport modules RSOH – Regenerator Section Overhead MSOH – Multiplexer Section Overhead AU Pointer – Administrative Unit Pointer (specifies where the payload starts) Duration of STM-1 module is 125 µs

34. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.34 General Transport Module 4.56. ábra

35. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.35

36. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.36

37. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.37 SDH Network elements DXC – Digital Cross Connect ADM – Add-drop Multiplexer TM – Terminal multiplexer

38. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.38 Example of a physical network

39. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.39 FDM principles

40. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.40 TDM/FDM channel architecture as used in GSM

41. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.41 FDM in Cable TV network (US Standard)

42. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.42 Variable bit-rate data transfer within TDM time- slots

43. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.43 The Spread Spectrum Concept

44. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.44 General Model of Spread Spectrum Digital Communication System

45. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.45 Frequency_Hopping Spread Spectrum FHSS

46. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.46 FHSS A number of channels are allocated for FH The transmitter operates in one channel at a time for fixed time interval (Tc) During that interval, some number of bits or a fraction of a bit are transmitted (signal elements) The time interval of signal elements Ts The sequence of the channels used is dictated by spreading code Both transmitter and receiver use the same code to tune into a sequence of channels in synchronisation

47. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.47 Transmitter of the FHSS System

48. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.48 Receiver of the FHSS System

49. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.49 Slow FHSS using Multi Frequency Shift Keying Tc>Ts (in this case 4 subfrequencies for 2 bits)

50. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.50 Fast FHSS using Multi Frequency Shift Keying Tc<Ts (in this case 4 subfrequencies for 2 bits)

51. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.51 Example of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS

52. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.52 DSSS system Transmitter

53. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.53 DSSS system Transmitter

54. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.54 Comparison of FDM –TDM -- CDM TDMAFDMA

55. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.55 Principle of WDM

56. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.56 Principle of WDM

57. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.57 Switching techniques in public networks

58. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.58 The Group Switch interconnects incoming and outgoing time slots

59. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.59 Time and space switches

60. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.60 The principle of TST switching

61. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.61 Group switch with 512 multiple position

62. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.62 Connections to the local exchange

63. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.63 Node for packet switching

64. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.64 Packet node structure

65. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.65 Connection oriented transfer phases: Connection setup (setup packet with complete address, Logical Channel Number stored in each node Data transmission (only LCN in the header) Release Connectionless transport: Destination address in the header Path selection in the nodes Different packets have different delay The order of received packets has no guarantee

66. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.66 ATM cell switching principle Fixed cell (packet) length – 53 bytes 5 octets header, 48 octet payload

67. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.67 Why connection oriented packet switching? Connectionless – only best effort quality (www = world wide waiting) Connection oriented – QoS guarantee is possible Quality measures: delay, jitter, packet loss.

68. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.68 Content of ATM cell header

69. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.69 Segmentation and multiplexing of different Services in cell based systems

70. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.70 The principle of ATM switching

71. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.71 VP (Virtual Path „coarse level addressing”) and VC (Virtual Channel „fine level addressing”)

72. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.72 The structure of the ATM switch

73. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.73 Signalling principles in circuit switching

74. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.74 Signalling flow in a telephone call

75. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.75 Signalling for distributed supplementary services or a mobile telephone call

76. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.76 Signalling in packet switched networks

77. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.77 Principles of Common Channel Signalling CCS

78. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.78

79. Photonic Fibre Switches In free-space devices, the light is focused from the input fibre, deflected by a micro-mirror (typically several times) and finally launched into the output fibre. The Micro- Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology is mature and can produce switch matrices with up to hundreds of input and output ports (128x128 or 256x256), low insertion loss (IL), very low cross talk, low power consumption, millisecond switching speed, and broadband operation. The mirrors can typically be controlled electro-magnetically, electro-statically or by piezoelectric actuators. Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.79

80. Operational principle and example of 3D MEMS array Infocom. 4. előadás 2012. okt. 1.80 collimator