1. High Performance Embedded Computing © 2007 Elsevier Lecture 15: Embedded Multiprocessor Architectures Embedded Computing Systems Mikko Lipasti, adapted from M. Schulte Based on slides and textbook from Wayne Wolf

2. © 2006 Elsevier Topics Overview and Motivation. Embedded Multiprocessor Design Techniques Embedded Multiprocessor Architectures. Processing Elements

3. © 2006 Elsevier Generic multiprocessors Shared memory: Message passing: PE mem PE mem PE mem … … Interconnect network PE mem PE mem PE mem … Interconnect network

4. © 2006 Elsevier Design choices Processing elements:  Number.  Type.  Homogeneous or heterogeneous. Memory:  Size and configuration.  Shared or. private memories. Interconnection networks:  Topology.  Protocol.

5. © 2006 Elsevier Why embedded multiprocessors? Real-time performance---segregate tasks to improve predictability and performance. Low power/energy---segregate tasks to allow idling, segregate memory traffic. Cost---several small processors may be more efficient than one large processor.

6. © 2006 Elsevier Example: cell phones Variety of tasks:  Error detection and correction.  Voice compression/decompression.  Protocol processing.  Position sensing.  Music.  Cameras.  Web browsing.

7. © 2006 Elsevier Example: video compression QCIF (177 x 144) used in cell phones and portable devices:  11 x 9 macroblocks of 16 x 16.  Frame rate of 15 or 30 frames/sec.  Seven correlations per macroblock = 177,408 pixel comparisons per frame.  Feig/Winograd DCT algorithm uses 94 multiplications and 454 additions per 8 x 8 2D DCT.

8. © 2006 Elsevier Austin et al.: portable supercomputer Next-generation workloads on portable device:  Speech compression.  Video compression and analysis.  High-resolution graphics.  High-bandwidth wireless communications. Workload is 10,000 SPECint = 16 x 2GHz Pentium 4. Power budget of 75 mW.

9. © 2006 Elsevier Performance trends on desktop [Aus04] © 2004 IEEE Computer Society

10. © 2006 Elsevier Energy trends on desktop [Aus04] © 2004 IEEE Computer Society

11. © 2006 Elsevier Specialization and multiprocessing Many embedded multiprocessors are heterogeneous:  Processing elements.  Interconnect.  Memory. Why use heterogeneous multiprocessors?  Some operations (8 x 8 DCT) are standardized.  Some operations are specialized.  High-throughput operations may require specialized units. Heterogeneity reduces power consumption. Heterogeneity improves real-time performance.

12. © 2006 Elsevier Multiprocessor design methodologies Analyze workload that represents system’s usage.  May include multiple programs. Platform-independent optimizations eliminate side effects due to reference software implementation. Platform design is based on operations, memory, etc. Software can be further optimized to take advantage of platform.

13. © 2006 Elsevier Cai and Gajski modeling levels Implementation: corresponds directly to hardware. Cycle-accurate computation: captures accurate computation times, approximate communication times. Time-accurate communication: captures communication times accurately but computation times only approximately. Bus-transaction: models bus operations but is not cycle-accurate. PE-assembly: communication is untimed, PE execution is approximately timed. Specification: functional model.

14. © 2006 Elsevier Multiprocessor systems-on-chips MPSoC is a complete platform for an application.  Platform is usually tailored for a particular application domain. Generally heterogeneous processing elements. Combine off-chip bulk memory with on-chip specialized memory.

15. © 2006 Elsevier Qualcomm MSM5100 Cell phone system-on- chip. Two CDMA standards, analog cell phone standard (AMPS). GPS, Bluetooth, music, mass storage.

16. © 2006 Elsevier Qualcomm MSM5100 Integration

17. © 2006 Elsevier Philips Viper Nexperia

18. © 2006 Elsevier Viper Nexperia characteristics Designed to decode 1920 x 1080 HDTV. Trimedia runs video processing functions. MIPS runs operating system. Synchronous DRAM interface for bulk storage. Variety of I/O devices. Accelerators: image composition, scaler, MPEG-2 decoder, video input processors, etc.

19. © 2006 Elsevier Lucent Daytona MIMD for signal processing apps. Processing element is based on SPARC V8.  DSP extensions Reduced precision vector unit has 16 x 64-bit vector register file. Reconfigurable 8KB level 1 cache  16 banks configured as I-cache, D-cache, or scratchpad Daytona split transaction bus.

20. © 2006 Elsevier Lucent Daytona PE SPARC V8 core  5 stage pipleine  Windowed register file – Eight 16-entry register windows plus 16 global registers.

21. © 2006 Elsevier STMicro Nomadik Designed for mobile multimedia. Accelerators built around MMDSP+ core:  One instruction per cycle.  16- and 24-bit fixed-point, 32-bit floating-point.

22. © 2006 Elsevier STMicro Nomadik accelerators video audio

23. © 2006 Elsevier TI OMAP Designed for mobile multimedia. C55x DSP performs signal processing as slave. ARM runs operating system, dispatches tasks to DSP.

24. © 2006 Elsevier TI OMAP 5912

25. © 2006 Elsevier Processing elements issues How many do we need? What types of processing elements do we need? Analyze performance/power requirements of each process in the application. Choose a processor type for each process. Determine what processes should share processing elements

26. © 2006 Elsevier Embedded Multiprocessor Questions Of the embedded multiprocessors we discussed in this lecture, which one seemed  The most general purpose? Why?  The most application-specific? Why? What are advantages and disadvantages of the configurable cache used in the Lucent Daytona architecture? What benefits do the accelerators in the Viper Nexperia processor provide? For what types of applications are accelerators most important?