1. Chapter 22
Test Review

2. Astronomers can measure distance by using ____________, which is an object's apparent shift in position when viewed from two different locations.
parallax

3. A ____________ is a unit of measurement often used to describe how far away a star is from Earth.
light year

4. The layers of the sun from the outside in are:
corona
chromosphere
photosphere
convective zone
radiative zone
core

5. What is a solar flare?
A sudden and tremendous eruption in the solar chromosphere.

6. A region of the sun that appears dark because it is colder.
What is a sunspot?
A region of the sun that appears dark because it is colder.

7. The ____________ consists of ions that stream out from the Sun's corona
solar wind

8. What is happening in the sun's core?
Nuclear fusion

9. What layer of the sun do we see from earth?
Photosphere

10. A ____________________ is a cloud of gas that loops into the corona
A ____________________ is a cloud of gas that loops into the corona. They occur where magnetic fields connecting sunspots soar into the outer atmosphere.
Prominence

11. Corona and chromosphere
Which layer(s) of the Sun can only be seen during a total solar eclipse?
Corona and chromosphere

12. A _______________ is a bright, violent eruption that can last for minutes or hours.
flare

13. Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Name this diagram
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

14. What name is given to a new star formed when nuclear fusion takes place in the core of a nebula, causing gas to begin glowing
Protostar

15. Red Orange Yellow White Blue
Put these star in order from dimmest to brightest: white, orange, red, yellow, blue
Red Orange Yellow White Blue

16. Complete this graphic organizer
Life Cycle of Stars
Red Giant or
Supergiant
Nebula
Main Sequence
Star
Small Mass Star
Complete this
graphic organizer
Higher Mass Stars
Planetary
Nebula
Supernova
Outer layers blow away
Medium Mass Star
High Mass Star
White Dwarf
Neutron Star
Black
Hole

17. Stars spend the majority of their life as a _________?
Main sequence star

18. Which main sequence star is the hottest?
Blue

19. Which main sequence star is the coldest?
Red

20. Which main sequence star is the brightest or most luminous?
Blue

21. Which main sequence star is the smallest?
Red

22. What do most stars in our galaxy become at the end of their lives after they leave the main sequence?
White Dwarfs

23. Blue White Yellow Orange Red
Put these main sequence stars in order from hottest to coldest: orange, blue, white, red, yellow
Blue
White
Yellow
Orange
Red

24. The stages of most stars life in order are:
Protostar, Main Sequence, Red Giant

25. What is the most massive star called?
Red Supergiant

26. A _______________ is a hot, dense, slowly cooling sphere of carbon.
white dwarf

27. Why does a brown dwarf form?
Because the protostar isn't big enough to perform nuclear fusion in its core.

28. What does a protostar have to do to become a star?
Nuclear fusion in its core.

29. Main Sequence, Red Supergiant, Supernova, Black Hole
What are the stages a supermassive star like Betelgeuse goes through in its lifetime, in order?
Main Sequence, Red Supergiant, Supernova, Black Hole

30. Main Sequence, Red Supergiant, Supernova, Neutron Star
What are the stages a massive star like Rigel goes through in its lifetime, in order?
Main Sequence,
Red Supergiant,
Supernova,
Neutron Star

31. What happens when the sun runs out of fuel?
The core becomes unstable and collapses under its own weight.

32. How many years ago did the sun form?
4.6 Billion

33. A rotating neutron star.
What is a pulsar?
A rotating neutron star.

34. an extremely dense, compact star composed primarily of neutrons.
A neutron star is:
an extremely dense, compact star composed primarily of neutrons.

35. For a neutron star to form, how big must a star be?
A star must be 5-10 times larger than the Sun but not as big as Betelgeuse

36. What stage of a stars life is a neutron star.
The end of its life.

37. The matter from the star gets blasted into space.
What happens to the star material that does not get condensed into the core?
The matter from the star gets blasted into space.

38. What happens when fusion stops in a star's core?
The outside of the star swells into a red supergiant while the core condenses.

39. What happens if the original star was so big that after the supernova, even the neutrons don't survive?
A black hole is formed

40. A supernova is:
the explosion of a star.

41. A collection of millions or billions of stars is known as a
galaxy

42. What are the three shapes galaxies take?
spiral, elliptical, irregular

43. What type of galaxy is shown in this picture?
Spiral

44. What type of galaxy is shown in this picture?
elliptical

45. Which type of galaxy contains a bulge in the center containing old stars and younger stars farther out in its disk?
Spiral

46. Which type of galaxy contains dust, gas and young stars?
Irregular

47. What type of galaxy is shown in this picture?
irregular

48. A ____________ is invisible because its gravity is so strong that no form of radiation can escape from it.
black hole

49. What are the very bright centers in distant galaxies?
quasars

50. Which type of galaxy brightest and made of only old stars?
elliptical