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Breast Cancer in Pregnancy
Steven Stanten MD Rupert Horoupian MD AltaBates Summit Medical Center Oakland, California
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Introduction One of the most commonly diagnosed cancers of pregnancy
More advanced stage Poorer prognosis Pregnancy-associated During pregnancy During lactation Up to 12 months post-partum
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Epidemiology 12.67% within their lifetime Mean age 61
12.7% between 20 and 44 Of women with breast cancer before 40, 10% will be pregnant 1/3000 pregnancies
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Pathology Invasive ductal predominates Larger in size at presentation
Higher frequency of lymphovascular invasion Higher nuclear grade Higher hormonal independence Her-2/neu – no concensus
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Diagnosis Clinical exam Medical Imaging Usually a mass
Broad differential diagnosis Most are benign Medical Imaging Mammography usually not helpful Safety and efficacy
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Diagnosis (con’t) Medical Imaging Screening - not when pregnant UTZ
CXR Other staging modalities
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Diagnosis (con’t) Cytology and Histology
Biopsy recommended if questions persist FNA, core needle biopsy, excisional biopsy -rare milk fistula and infection
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Treatment Surgery Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Obstetric outcome
Endocrine therapy Supporting agents
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Treatment (con’t) No longer a role for termination of pregnancy
Goals are to achieve control of disease and prevent distant metastasis Fetal protective modifications Multi-disciplinary team Medical oncology, surgical oncology, high-risk obstetrics, genetic counseling, psychological support
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Treatment (con’t) Surgery Lumpectomy Mastectomy Axillary dissection
Sentinel node biopsy *Breast conservation is the standard of care when appropriate in a non-pregnant patient
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Treatment (con’t) NSABP trials
B06 - established the safety of breast conserving surgery for early stage breast cancer and demonstrated the importance of adjuvant breast radiation to minimize risk of in-breast recurrence.
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Treatment (con’t) Surgery Lumpectomy Anesthesia Wire localization
X-ray confirmation Wide margins
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Treatment (con’t) Surgery Try to wait until the 12th week
Breast conservation - i.e.. Lumpectomy Need to consider need for XRT Don’t give during pregnancy Consider neo-adjuvant chemotherapy
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Treatment (con’t) Axillary Surgery –
Veronessi demonstrated that sentinel lymph node biopsy was accurate and reliable. B32 – sentinel lymph node biopsy is safe and relaible * ~8-10% false negative rate
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Treatment (con’t) Axillary surgery Blue dye Radioisotope
Filtered vs. unfiltered Injection site Timing
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Treatment Axillary Surgery Increased incidence of nodal involvement
Consider neo-adjuvant treatment UTZ and FNA Sentinel node biopsy has problems Isosulfan blue Radiocolloid Consider axillary dissection
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Lymphoscintigraphy
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Lymphoscintigraphy
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Sentinel Lymph Node
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Sentinel Lymph Node
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Sentinel Lymph Node
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Treatment (con’t) Radiation Treatment
Risks are highest during first trimester Decrease gradually Try to avoid during pregnancy Risks may be overstated
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Treatment (con’t) Chemotherapy Important role Advanced disease often
Teratogenic effects Long term safety profile Preterm delivery Low birth weight Transient leukopenia IUGR
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Treatment (con’t) Chemotherapy MD Anderson study Anthracyclines
methotrexate
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Treatment (con’t) Endocrine therapy Contraindicated during pregnancy
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Treatment (con’t) Other agents Trastuzumab – unknown Taxanes - unknown
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Prognosis Use TNM staging Most women have stage II or III disease
Same prognosis stage for stage Delay in diagnosis has impact 60-100% - 5 year survival 31-52% - 10 year survival
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Pregnancy after Treatment
Conflicting data 2 years 5 years Ever?
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Conclusion Due to lack of prospective randomized clinical studies, both ongoing studies and future evidence are expected to solve problems related to breast cancer management during pregnancy. Must balance aggressive maternal care with appropriate modifications that will ensure fetal protection.
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