1. Chapter 14 Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation

2. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Physiology of Pregnancy Fallopian tubes: narrow ducts leading from the ovaries to the uterus Amniotic sac: a membrane that surrounds the fetus containing the amniotic fluid Placenta: an organ produced during pregnancy from maternal and embryonic tissues. The placenta secretes hormones, transfers oxygen and nutrients from maternal to fetal blood and removes wastes. Gestation: the time between conception and birth, approximately 40 weeks in humans Preterm or premature: an infant born before 37 weeks of gestation Very low birth weight: a birth weight of less than 3.3 lbs (1.5 kg) Small-for-gestational-age: a birth weight of less than 5.5 lbs (2.5 kg)

3. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Recommendations for Weight Gain during Pregnancy

4. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Distribution of Weight during Pregnancy

5. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pattern of Weight Gain during Pregnancy

6. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Physical Activity during Pregnancy

7. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Discomforts of Pregnancy Physiological changes during pregnancy can cause uncomfortable side effects for the mother. These can include: Edema Morning sickness Heartburn Constipation and hemorrhoids

8. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Complications of Pregnancy Pregnancy can cause complications for the mother and the child. These can include: Pregnancy-induced hypertension, which includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia Gestational diabetes mellitus

9. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy

10. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. What is in a Prenatal Supplement?

11. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Factors that Increase Pregnancy Risk

12. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Factors that Increase Pregnancy Risk

13. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Micronutrient Needs of Pregnant Teens

14. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Fetal Development

15. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Physiology of Lactation Lactation involves the synthesis of milk components, including protein, lactose and lipids, and the movement of the milk through the milk ducts to the nipple. Colostrum is immature milk, secreted during the first days after delivery. Colostrum is rich in protein and immune factors. The release of milk from the glands through the ducts is referred to as let-down. The let-down of milk is triggered by the hormone oxytocin.

16. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Physiology of Lactation

17. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Maternal Nutrient Needs during Lactation The need for nutrients is even greater during lactation than during pregnancy. Human milk contains about 160 kcalories per cup (240 ml). The EER for lactation is estimated by adding the TEE of nonlactating women and the energy in the milk and then subtracting the energy supplied by maternal fat sources. Lactating women require approximately an additional liter of fluid a day.

18. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nutritional Needs of Infants

19. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nutritional Needs of Infants

20. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Assessing Infant Growth

21. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comparing Breast Milk and Formula

22. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 14 Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein..