1. Teen Motherhood

4. What might make it tough to estimate the impact of having a teen birth on the mother’s future outcomes? How might one design an empirical strategy in this context?

5. Teen Motherhood Geronimus and Korenman (1992) 1. Look at difference in outcomes between teen mothers and non-teen mothers after controlling for a variety of characteristics (age, urban residence, race, mother’s education, father’s education, lived in single parent family at 14, number of siblings) --- “selection on observables” 2. Look at difference in outcomes between sisters who are both mothers but one had first child while a teen and other did not.

6. Teen Motherhood How do you interpret these results?

7. Teen Motherhood What might biases be even when comparing sisters?

8. Teen Motherhood Hotz, McElroy, and Sanders What do they do? What do they have to recognize when using this strategy in this context?

9. Teen Motherhood (1) Suppose abortions occur early in pregnancy and miscarriages late. Then sample of women who miscarried would “identical” to the sample all those teens who became pregnant and gave birth (i.e. did not have an abortion). Compare those who miscarried to those who gave birth, because in absence of random miscarriage, they should have same outcomes on avg. Group of teens who become pregnant No abortion abortion randomness No miscarriage miscarriage Gave birthNo birth

10. Teen Motherhood (2) Alternatively, suppose abortions occur late in pregnancy and miscarriages early. Then sample of women who miscarried would be “identical” to sample of all teens who become pregnant. Compare those who miscarried to those who gave birth or had an abortion, because in absence of miscarriage should have same outcomes on avg. Group of teens who become pregnant No miscarriage miscarriage randomness No abortion abortion Gave birthNo birth

11. Teen Motherhood Hotz, McElroy, and Sanders (cont.)

13. Teen Motherhood Hotz, McElroy, and Sanders (cont.) What might we be worried about with respect to this strategy?

14. Teen Motherhood Effects of Single Parent on Child’s Outcomes

15. Teen Motherhood Effects of Single Parent on Child’s Outcomes (cont.)

16. Teen Motherhood Effects of Single Parent on Child’s Outcomes (cont.) What else might it be important to control for? What might be other empirical strategies to identify the effect of having a single parent on child outcomes?