1. Pregnancy and Birth

2. The Beginning of the life cycle

3. Fertilization / Conception
When the males sperm enters the females egg
1 sperm / 1 egg
Within seconds of fertilization, the surface of the egg changes so that no more sperm may enter the egg

4. Zygote The united egg and sperm
Within 36 hours, while the zygote is in the fallopian tube, it begins to divide

5. Cell Division The original cell divides to make 2 cells 2  4 4  8
8  16, etc.
From the 2 cell stage until about 9 weeks after fertilization, the growing structure is called an embryo

7. The Blastocyst
5 days after fertilization, the embryo reaches the uterus
Floats free
50 to 100 cells
Blastocyst – sphere of cells surrounding a hollow center

8. Implantation
Once the blastocyst forms, it implants itself in the uterus  implantation

9. Development in the Uterus

10. Amniotic Sac
After implantation, a fluid-filled bag of thin tissue called the amniotic sac develops around the embryo
It grows as the embryo grows
Embryo floats in amniotic fluid

11. Placenta
The attachment that holds the embryo to the wall of the uterus
Here, oxygen and nutrients move from the mothers blood into the embryo
Dangerous substances can pass from mother to embryo, too
Alcohol, drugs, chemicals

13. Umbilical Cord 25 days Ropelike structure Connects embryo to placenta
The embryo’s lifeline
Carry nutrients and oxygen from the placenta to the embryo
Carry wastes from the embryo to the placenta

15. The Growing Embryo During the first 2 months: At the end of 2 months:
Major body systems and organs form
Heart, Blood vessels, Kidneys, Endocrine glands
At the end of 2 months:
Embryo is an inch long
Recognizable external features
Eyes, ears, arms, legs
Head makes up 50% of embryo

16. The Fetus
From the 3rd month until birth, the developing human is called a fetus
3rd to 6th months – begins to kick
Skeleton and muscles are developing
Nervous system matures
Sense organs begin functioning
Fetus becomes sensitive to light and sound
Alternates periods of activity with sleep

17. The Fetus 7th to 9th months End of 9th month
Body size increases; more proportionate
Body fat accumulates
Eyelids open and close
End of 9th month
Fetus is ready to be born

18. Worksheet Word Bank Fertilization Embryo Blastocyst Fertilization
Early Cell Division
Blastocyst & Implantation
Late Cell Division
Cervix
Vagina
Amniotic Sac
Developing Placenta
Amniotic Fluid
Uterine Wall
Umbilical Cord

19. A healthy pregnancy

20. Staying Healthy During Pregnancy
Proper nutrition
“eating for two”
Exercise
Better meet the energy needs of carrying a baby
Avoiding alcohol and other drugs
Harm, kill, decrease chance to live, lifelong problems
Avoiding environmental hazards
X-rays, lead, mercury (fish), cat litter (parasites)

21. Prenatal Care Medical care during pregnancy
Obstetrician – doctor specialized in pregnancy and childbirth
The chances of having a healthy baby greatly increases with regular doctor checkups throughout pregnancy

22. 3 Trimesters Pregnancy is divided into 3 periods of time
Each is about 3 months long
1st trimester  0-3 months
2nd trimester  3-6 months
3rd trimester  6-9 months

23. Monitoring Tools Ultrasound Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
High-frequency sound waves that produce an image of the fetus
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
At 8 weeks, dr. removes part of the placenta to check for abnormalities/disease
Amniocentesis
14-16 weeks, inserting a needle in the abdomen and uterus to remove amniotic fluid to test for abnormalities

25. Complications Ectopic pregnancy Miscarriage Preeclampsia
Blastocyst implants in the fallopian tube, not the uterus
Miscarriage
Death of embryo or fetus in first 20 weeks
Preeclampsia
High BP, swelling of wrists & ankles, high levels of protein in urine  prevents fetus from getting O2
Gestational diabetes
Developing diabetes while pregnant

26. childbirth

27. The Birth Process Labor Delivery of the baby
Delivery of the afterbirth

28. Labor Work performed by the mother’s body to push the fetus out
2 to 24 hours or longer
Uterus contracts, causing the cervix to increase in width, or dilate
Amniotic sac will break
Cervix becomes softer and wider too allow the fetus to pass through

29. Delivery of Baby Actual birth, or delivery of baby
Lasts 30 minutes to more than 2 hours
Baby usually exits head first through vagina
Once the baby is out:
Dr. clamps and cuts the umbilical cord
Baby’s nose & mouth are suctioned to remove mucus and make it easier to breath
Eye drops are given to prevent infection
Injection of vitamin K to prevent excess bleeding from umbilical cord

30. Delivery of Afterbirth
Though the baby is born, the birth process is not complete
Uterus contractions push out the placenta
15 to 30 minutes

32. Complications at Birth
Surgical delivery
Premature birth
Low birth weight
Birth of more than one baby

33. Surgical Delivery
Sometimes delivery through the cervix and vagina is not possible due to the position of the fetus or the narrowness of the mothers hips
Illness or other conditions that make vaginal delivery dangerous for mother and/or baby

34. Cesarean Section Surgical method of birth
Doctor makes an incision in the lower abdomen into the uterus
Then removes the fetus and placenta

35. Premature Birth Baby is born before it is fully developed
Before the 37th week of pregnancy
Earlier birth  more problems
Lungs are usually not developed
Receive care in an incubator

37. Low Birth Weight Less than 5.5 pounds May also be premature
May be full-term, just didn’t grow enough before birth
Increased risk of health problems as a newborn, chronic lifelong problems, death

38. Multiple Births The delivery of more than one baby
Twins
Triplets
Quadruplets
Carry greater risk to mother and babies

39. Identical Twins Develop from single fertilized egg
Embryo divides into 2 identical embryos
Because they divide from identical embryos, they have the same inherited traits and are the same sex

40. Fraternal Twins
Sometimes 2 eggs are released from the ovary and fertilized by 2 sperm
Fraternal twins are no more alike than any other siblings
May or may not be the same sex

42. Triplets or More Less common than twins
Number of cases has dramatically increased in the last 25 years