2.  Bullying by aggressive and intimidating behaviour  Bullying by intimidation/isolation  Bullying by abuse of power/ignoring  Bullying by abuse of power/exclusion  Bullying by setting unrealistic targets that are unreasonable  Bullying by deliberate withholding of information  Harassment  Bullying by humiliation/undermining/unfair criticism  Bullying by abuse/misuse of power  Bullying by aggressive and intimidating behaviour  Bullying by intimidation/isolation  Bullying by abuse of power/ignoring  Bullying by abuse of power/exclusion  Bullying by setting unrealistic targets that are unreasonable  Bullying by deliberate withholding of information  Harassment  Bullying by humiliation/undermining/unfair criticism  Bullying by abuse/misuse of power

4. Cognitive biases ‘when information processing is affected by a bias... Then we are prone to react inappropriately’ Aaron T Beck 4

5. Fritz Heider ‘Lay scientist’ hypothesis Attributions are the processes through which an observer infers the causes of others’ behaviour Attribution Theory

6. We do not see the world as it is. We see the world as we are.

7. Dispositional Attribute another person’s behaviour to internal states Situational Attribute another person’s behaviour to their environment or circumstances 2 kinds of attribution

8. The strong tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and to underestimate situational factors Fundamental Attribution Error

9. Explanations

10. Can it be corrected?

11. 11 I see you – I make dispositionalat tributions I don’t see me, but I know my internal states – I make situational attributions

12. ‘the tendency to take credit for success and deny responsibility for failure’ The Self-Serving Bias

13. Accuser Bias Allred, p.85ff

14. ‘If you’re seated at the negotiating table in the absolute, unshakable conviction that your counterpart is a stubborn and difficult character, you are likely to act in ways that will trigger and worsen those very behaviours’ (Lax & Sebenius, 2006, p.81) Why is it a problem?

15. Freeze perspectives at lowest moment Accused is labelled a bully Accuser gets no explanation or insight Accuser invited to rehearse their victimhood Accused must be mad or bad Fight or flight the only options Bullying and Harassment