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Stopping sooner or starting later? Fertility decline in Uzbekistan David Clifford Social Statistics, University of Southampton.

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Presentation on theme: "Stopping sooner or starting later? Fertility decline in Uzbekistan David Clifford Social Statistics, University of Southampton."— Presentation transcript:

1 Stopping sooner or starting later? Fertility decline in Uzbekistan David Clifford Social Statistics, University of Southampton

2 Background: post-Soviet fertility change Context crucial to an understanding of fertility change (Mason 1997) Break-up of Soviet Union in 1991 Dramatic social, political and economic changes Countries of FSU - ‘rich material’ for examining the impact of these changes on fertility behaviour (Agadjanian 1999:426)

3 Background: ex-Soviet states of Central Asia ‘neglected’ in fertility transition literature ( Barbieri et al. 1996:69, Agadjanian 1999)

4 Uzbekistan’s fertility decline Total Fertility Rate: 5.7 mid -1970s 3.3 in 1994-1996 2.9 in 2000-2002 (Kuzibaeva 2001, Karimov et al. 1997, Kamilov et al. 2004) 4.07 in 1990 2.36 in 2003 (UNICEF TransMONEE)

5 Framework: understanding fertility decline Starting later? Higher MAFM, MAFB Successive cohorts show fertility ‘deficit’ from beginning of reproductive career Recent experience of C and S Europe (Frejka and Calot 2001) or: Stopping sooner? Little change in MAFM and MAFB Fertility ‘deficit’ from later stage in the life course Experience of Ukraine, Moldova (Perelli-Harris 2005; Bulgaru et al. 2000)

6 Measures calculated Period and Cohort Perspectives MAFM MAFB Cohort Birth Intervals Cumulated fertility (CEB) over life course

7 Data Uzbekistan Health Examination Survey, 2002 Part of Demographic and Health Survey project Nationally Representative 5588 women, aged 15-49

8 Period: change in MAFM and MAFB

9 Results Cohort: Age at First Marriage

10 Cohort: Age at First Birth

11 Cumulated fertility

12 Conclusions Clear ‘stopping sooner’ pattern. Why? Increased early fertility Earlier marriage Rational response to uncertainty? Trend for ‘conspicuous consumption’ increased importance of marriage Continued short first birth interval Decreased later fertility Economic hardship reduced fertility later in life course Context crucial

13 ‘Stopping sooner’ vs. ‘starting later’ framework Merely different stages in fertility decline? Expected progression from ‘stopping sooner’ to ‘starting later’ mechanism of decline- UN 2001 BUT Russia (Kohler and Kohler 2002), Ukraine (Perelli- Harris 2005) – reached low TFRs without real tendency for postponement My perspective: no inevitability about the progression. Relegates spatial difference to temporal difference Context dependent

14 Agenda for future research Fertility change in Tajikistan poorest of former Soviet Republics in 1991 experienced most severe changes no academic work on fertility change thus far more explicit focus on period measures Challenges Quality of data Calculating exposure for period measures Especially difficult without exact dates Advice welcome!

15 References Agadjanian, V (1999) Post-soviet demographic paradoxes: Ethnic differences in marriage and fertility in Kazakhstan. Sociological Forum. 14(3): 425-446. Barbieri M, Blum A, Dolkigh E and Ergashev A (1996) Nuptiality, Fertility, Use of Contraception, and Family Policies in Uzbekistan Population Studies 50:69-88 Bulgaru M, Bulgaru O, Sobotka T and Zeman K. (2000). Past and present population development in the Republic of Moldova, in Kučera T, Kučerová O, Opare O and Schaich E (eds.) New Demographic Faces of Europe. Berlin: Springer, pp. 221-246. Frejka T and Calot G (2001) Cohort Reproductive Trends in Low-Fertility Countries Population and Development Review 27(1):103-132 Kohler, H-P and Kohler I (2002), Fertility Decline in Russia in the Early and Mid 1990s: The Role of Economic Uncertainty and Labour Market Crises. European Journal of Population 18: 233-262. Kuzibaeva, G. (2001) Fertility transition in Uzbekistan: demographic trends and reproductive health policy, Central Asia Monitor 2001(2). Karimov, S I, Akhror B Yarkulov and Asadov D A (1997) Fertility, in Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology [Uzbekistan] and Macro International Inc. Uzbekistan Demographic and Health Survey, 1996. Calverton, Maryland: Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Macro International Inc, pp.35-45. Kamilov A I, Sullivan J and Mutalova Z D (2004) Fertility, Chapter 4 in Uzbekistan Health Examination Survey 2002. Calverton, Maryland, USA: Analytical and Information Center, State Department of Statistics, and ORC Macro. Mason K O (1997) Explaining Fertility Transitions Demography 34(4):443-454 Perelli-Harris (2005) The path to lowest-low fertility in Ukraine. Population Studies 59(1):55- 70. UNICEF (2005) TransMONEE Database, UNICEF IRC, Florence. e-mail: dmc104@soton.ac.uk


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