1. A: Longer Heavier Vehicles Q: Environmental costs (minimise) –Emissions, Pollution, Waste... Q: Track costs (balance) –Pavement design / axle loads, tyre scrub... –Infrastructure: Bridge design / imposed load, Curves / turning circle... Q: Economics (maximise) –Efficiency; Reliability;... Solution - Performance Based Standards (optimise) –Longer semi-trailers –More efficient combinations

2. Longer semi-trailers - background –1960 - Competitive systems: ISO Series 1 vs. palletised cargo Political:Operational:Technical bias (geographical/modal/economic) –1970 - Paradigm shift from ‘space’ to handling considerations Converging gateways : outer (handling/transport), inner (pallets) –1980 - ISO regulatory change - pallet compatible containers –2000 - EU new generation of ‘swap bodies’ Institutional asymmetries & UNCTAD/ISO rivalry? –2010/15 - Next Generation (EU or Worldwide?) EU road dominant : Import/Export ISO x2 x3 : Combined Transport? OSS - Open Source Software

3. CEN - Intermodal & Interoperable Workshop b) 8.3m & 16.6m? 7.82m Optimum (5x1.2) a) 6.25m & 12.5m? 20’ “Second best” C745 | A1360 not modular! Economic Highways ?

4. 4+pallets load [kg] 5% pallet 35% part laden 60% load 20% pallet 15% part laden 65% — 13.6m — SCM Maximise efficiency A1650 35% Consolidation Useful spare capacity 55% B825 10% Collaboration

5. Tractor semi-trailer 0.5 1 2 3 energy intensity ltr/c.tkm Rigid :12t LHV:60t 1.4 (-30%) 1.7 (-60%) NL (1.22) CZ (1.09) CA (0.74) OECD(Rail) US (0.44) Aerodynamics Auxillaries Rolling Resistance 57% avg. IRU - conclusions Fewer political restrictions on lorry traffic Optimal exploitation of existing infrastructure More environmetaly friendly innovations BIC Study team (UIRR..) - recommendations Refuse requests for greater road vehicle dimensions “If such pressures render successful, all those who organise common European standards based on current legislation will be dis-encouraged!” Project: ETU/B2-704-507.15476 72002 IEA-ECMT.pdf - A logistical Perspective on the Fuel Efficiency of Road Freight Transport +h +L piggyback swap

6. 5.312.5 Long semi-trailers  Modular C782  Modular C825  Manoeuvrable  Narrow corridor  Tractive effort  Yaw Stabilty  Roll Stablity  Fuel efficient  Tyre life  Consolidation  Collaboration  Lean potential ……  Road trials? steer scrub 2 x 7.82m Clear Safe swing EMS

7. Next generation? 13.6 m Generic ‘grey box’  No geographical bias!  No modal bias!  No economic bias! SEA RAIL 8m (nominal) ROAD 8m (nominal)