1. Ardipithecus ramidus Hominid who walked bipedally 4.4 mya Discovered in 1992 by Tim White in Aramis, Ethiopia (as yet largely unpublished) Distinct enough to be a new species? –ape-like dentition –bipedal locomotion –overall hominid-like skeleton –small cheek teeth with thin enamel and large canines –arm bones are hominid-like –foramen magnum indicates bipedalism

2. The Varied Australopithecines There are two major hominid genera: Australopithecus and Homo. However, in 1992 Berhane Asfaw and Tim D. White discovered substantial remains considered to be from hominids ancestral to the australopithecines; these remains have been called Ardipithecus ramidus (thus establishing a third hominid genus) and dated a 4.4 m.y.a. A more recent (1995, by Maeve Leakey and Alan Walker) discovery has been named Australopithecus anamensis and been dated at 4.2 m.y.a.

3. Pelves A comparison of human and chimpanzee pelves.

4. Skeletons Comparison of human and chimpanzee skeletons.

5. Crania Comparison

6. Dentition Comparison of dentition in ape, human, and A. afarensis palates.

9. Australopithecines Skulls of Robust (left) and Gracile (right) Australopithecines.

10. Early Hominids

11. Australopithecus afarensis apelike features (long arms, prognathic face, toothrow, brain capacity) pelvis, leg, feet, and foramen magnum all indicate bipedalism 4.2 mya, with oldest definite specimen placed at 3.8 mya first discovered by Don Johanson in 1974 and called “Lucy” thought to be the “missing link” until A. anamensis was discovered 20 years later

12. Australopithecus afarensis Left: Trail of footprints of A. afarensis made in volcanic ash, discovered by Mary Leakey at Laetoli. Right: Close- up of footprint at Laetoli

13. A. africanus 3.5 - 2.5 mya 3.8 - 4.5 feet tall, 55-130 lbs ape-like tibia, grasping big toes wide pelvis, parabolic tooth row primitive bipedalism first found by Raymond Dart in Taung, South Africa in 1925

14. Map of Australopithecine Finds Map of Australopithecus sites in Africa, with a focus on the East African rift valley and limestone caves of South Africa.

15. Hominid Evolution Major Homo advances: –Brain size –Better bipedalism –Hunting –Fire (H. erectus) –Tools Oldowon (H. habilis) Acheulean (H. erectus) Mousterian (H. heidelbergensis) Solutrean (H. sapiens) –Built shelters (H. heidelbergensis) –Clothing (H. neandertalensis) –Language (Neandertals?)

16. Homo habilis Artist’s representation of a Homo habilis band as it might have existed two million years ago. 612 cc brain 2.3 - 1.6 mya first toolmaker prognathic face, brow ridge probable meat-eater possibly arboreal discovered in 1960 by Leakeys no speech

17. H. habilis v. H. erectus Finds in east Africa indicate that Homo habilis was not very different from the australopithecines in terms of body size and shape. The earliest Homo erectus remains indicate rapid biological change. –The fossil record for the transition from H. habilis to H. erectus supports the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution. –H. erectus was considerably taller and had a larger brain than H. habilis.

18. Homo erectus 1891 - Eugene Dubois discovers H. erectus in Java Dubois calls it Pithecanthropus erectus initially, also dubbed “Java Man” finds in China called Sinanthropus dates from 1.9 mya to 27,000 years B.P. 994 cc brain size (compare to 612 for H. habilis) Acheulean tool industry Photograph of Nariokotome boy, an early Homo erectus found near Lake Turkana, Kenya.

19. Homo neanderthalensis discovered in the Neander Valley (Tal) near Dusseldorf, 1856 massive brain--about 1,400cc on average large torso, short limbs, broad nasal passages later remains show decrease in robustness of the front teeth and face, suggesting use of tools replaced teeth retained occipital torus, some mid-facial prognathism The skull of the classic Neandertal found in 1908 at La Chapelle-aux- Saints.

20. What happened to Neandertals? H. neanderthalensis coexisted with H. sapiens for at least 20,000 years, perhaps as long as 60,000 years What happened? –Neandertals interbred with H. sapiens –Neandertals were killed off by H. sapiens –H. sapiens drove Neandertals into extinction by competition

21. Cro-Magnon Man Cro-Magnon humans –35,000 years B.P. in western Europe to 17,000 years B.P. –1,600 cc cranial capacity –Name comes from a hotel in France –Not a different species, just old Homo sapiens from Europe Artist’s reconstruction of a Cro-Magnon man

22. Homo sapiens Archaic – 100,000 to 35,000 years BP –Sometimes called Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Modern – 35,000 years BP to present –Anatomically modern –Sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens