1. CELL PHYSIOLOGY CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

2. CELL ORGANELLES MitochondrionNucleus

3. CELL ORGANELLES n Cell Membrane n Nucleus n Endoplasmic reticulum n Golgi complex n Mitochondria n Lysosomes n Microfilaments and microtubules n Vesicles

4. THE NUCLEUS n Site of DNA (In chromosomes) n Enclosed by a membrane

5. DNA REPLICATION n The double helix “unzips” n New bases pair up with the old ones n The molecule replicates itself n Two identical copies each with one old strand and one new

6. RNA TRANSCRIPTION n Messenger RNA “copies” from DNA n m-RNA caries the message to the rough ER

7. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM n Fluid filled membrane system n Rough ER: Protein Synthesis n Smooth ER: Synthesis of Lipids

8. Rough ER : Site of Protein Synthesis n Rough ER contains ribosomes n M-RNA attaches to ribosome n A triplet of bases is a Codon n Transfer RNA has an anticodon at one end and the appropriate amino acid at the other n As the code is read, amino acids are assembled into a protein

9. ER -> Golgi -> Secretion

10. Exocytosis n Vesicles fuse with the membrane n They open to the outside and discharge their contents

12. MITOCHONDRIA n Extract Energy from Food Fuels n Energy is stored in ATP n Aerobic Metabolism

13. Anaerobic Metabolism n Sugar can be burned without oxygen - anaerobically n Far more energy released from burning sugar aerobically n Glycolysis is anaerobic-carried out in cytosol n Glucose ----> 3 Carbon fragments plus 2 ATP

14. Aerobic Metabolism n Pyruvic Acid (3 C fragment) enters Mitochondria n Combines with Coenzyme A loosing a CO 2 and becoming Acetyl Coenzyme A (2 C fragment) n This fragment enters a cyclic reaction scheme, the Citric Acid Cycle n Ultimately, 34 more ATP’s are produced

15. THE CYTOSKELETON n Microtubules n Microfilaments n Intermediate Filaments n Microtubular Lattice