3. Discovering Cells
All living organisms are composed of cells, from just one to many trillions, whose details usually are visible only through a microscope

4. An Overview of Cells
Key concept: Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
Examples of function: obtaining oxygen, getting rid of waste, obtaining food, growing, and more…
Cells function similarly in all organisms, they carry out the basic processes of life similarly
Cells are so small they are
measured in micrometers
One square centimeter of
Skin is more than 100,000 cells
Cells are visible only through
microscope

6. First Observations of Cells
1590ish invention of the microscope
Key concept: The invention of the microscope made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells.
Robert Hooke
one of first people to observe cells
built his own microscope- one of the best of his time
observed cork which looked like small rectangular rooms they called cells

7. First Observations of Cells
Anton van Leeuwenhook
Dutch businessman
Built simple microscopes in his spare time
Looked at drops of lake water, scrapings from teeth and gums, water from rain gutters
Animalcules- means “little animals,” small organisms that moved that he found in things like lake water

8. Development of the Cell Theory
Schleiden- all plants are made of cells
Schwann- all animals are made of cells
Virchow- new cells are formed only from cells that already exist
Until these men’s time people believed that cells can come from non-living matter

9. Cell Theory
An explanation of the relationship between cells and living things
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function
All cells are produced from other cells

10. Notice the shape of each cell!

11. Microscopes Magnification: the ability to make things larger
Light Microscope
Magnification: the ability to make things larger
The light is bent in a light microscope in order to make the specimen larger (using a concave lens)
Resolution: the ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of a specimen

12. Microscopes Continued
Allows you to see a three dimensional specimen
Electron Microscope
Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons instead of light to produced a high magnified image
Electron is a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids

13. Microscopes
Microscopes allow us to see things we cannot see with the naked eye.

14. Unicellular and Multicellular
Unicellular- single celled
Multicellular- many cells
Key concept: “In multicellular organisms, cells are often organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Tissue- a group of singular cells that work together
Organs- is made up of different kinds of tissue
Organ system- a group of organs that work together to perform a major function in the body

18. Eukaryotic
Cell

19. Plant Cell

20. vacuole
Animal Cell

21. CELL WALL
Prokaryotic cells (bacteria )and plant cells both have a rigid cell wall made up of polysaccharides. The cell wall provides and maintains the shape of these cells and serves as a protective barrier.
Can be also found in fungi cells.

22. Cell Membrane
Boundary between the inside of the cell and its surroundings.
The cell membrane controls the movement of nutrients, water, salts, and other substances into the cell and movement of waste out of the cell.
The membrane keeps out harmful bacteria, viruses, and other things that could damage the cell.

23. Boundaries List five boundaries that you can see around you.
For each one, tell what marks the boundary.
List what is kept in and what is kept out by the boundary.
Example – A fence marks the boundary of the yard.
The fence keeps pet dog and young children in.
It keeps strange dogs and bicyclists out
Read “Heads Out– Tails In”

24. Cytoplasm
This is a gel-like substance that fills the cell and surround the organelles.
It would be in comparison to our environment (air, land, water)

25. Organelles Small structures inside the cell membrane.
Each organelle has a particular job to do to keep the cell working properly.
The organelles are found in the cytoplasm that fills the cell.

26. What do all living things need to stay alive?
All living things need nutrients, water, and air.
All living things need a suitable place to live.

27. What are the characteristics of all living things?
Respond to their environment, inside and out.
Organized to carry out life functions.
Grow and develop.
Energy.
Reproduce.

28. What do you think a single cell needs to do in order to stay alive?
Read “The Cell as a City”

29. Nucleus 1. Stores cell hereditary materials, DNA
2. Coordinates the cells activities (Metabolism, growing, protein synthesis, cell division (reproduction))
3. Brain of the cell
1. Chromosomes/chromatin: codes for the DNA 2. Nucleolus: Membrane-less organism, that manufactures ribosomes.
3. Nuclear Envelope: double-layered membrane that envelopes the contents of the nucleus
4. Nuclear Pore: regulates passage of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm.

30. Vacuole Water-filled sack that floats in the cytoplasm.
Stores waste, water, and other substances such as food

31. Mitochondria Provide energy for the cell by breaking down sugar.
Known as the power house of the cell
In a city this would be compared to power plants
Mitochondria burn fuel to provide our cells with energy. A chemical reaction called cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria.
Humans cannot live without mitochondria!
Why?

32. Think about It: No organism can survive without energy
Think about It: No organism can survive without energy. How do you get and use energy? Draw the concept map below, list some things in the center box that are sources of energy for your body. In the other boxes list ways your body uses energy.
Sources Of
Energy

33. On a sheet of paper answer the following:
Where would you expect to find more mitochondria-in very active cells such as those in your heart and liver, or in less active cells such as those in your earlobes? Explain your answer.

34. Take in and use Energy Cellular respiration
Mitochondria burn fuel to provide our cells with energy. A chemical reaction called cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria.
C6H12O O CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy
dioxide

35. Plant Cell’s Power House
Plant cells like animal cells have mitochondria, but they also have another kind of energy-converting organelle called
a chloroplast..
The process that plants use chloroplast is called photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll is the
chemical in the
chloroplasts that
captures sunlight.

36. Take in and use Energy Photosynthesis
The process that plants use chloroplast is called photosynthesis.
6CO H2O +light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon + water + light energy glucose + oxygen
dioxide

37. Endoplasmic reticulum
Carries materials around in the cell.
Name some things in a city that would be like the endoplasmic reticulum.
Sometimes known as smooth endoplasmic reticulum or rough endoplasmic reticulum if ribosome's are attached.

38. Ribosome's Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis
 They can be free in the cytoplasm or
attached to the surface of ER
They would be like factories producing needed products.
Protein helps with growth and repair of a body.

39. Golgi Bodies 1. Final sorting and packaging of proteins and
Lipids (fats)
2.  How does it do that:
Membrane breaks
away as vesicles.
3. It is like a packaging and shipping center. (The UPS men)
What does it look like? stacks of membrane-covered sacs that package and move proteins to the outside of the cell. Golgi bodies are the packaging and secreting organelles of the cell.
Note: Golgi Bodies are sometimes referred to as Golgi Apparatus.

40. Lysosomes Lysosomes are a special type of vesicle
that contain digestive
enzymes.
They are round structures surrounded by membranes. Lysosomes recycle materials by breaking down worn-out parts of a cell into smaller units. They deliver these materials to the cytoplasm for use in constructing new proteins. If the membrane of a lysosome breaks, the enzymes released may also destroy the cell itself, giving lysosomes the name "suicide bag".
Lysosomes would be like waste processing plants.

41. Write a Dialogue:
A dialogue is a conversation between at least two people. Choose two of the organelles of a plant or animal cell. Then write a dialogue between them in which they argue about which of them is more important to the cell’s survival.

42. You must know all the parts of an animal and plant cell…
Click here to practice with an animal and plant cell