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Published byMariam Saucerman Modified over 10 years ago
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RECAP Photosynthesis produces: Oxygen Sugar (glucose)
How will these substances be used to make ATP for the organism?
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Cellular Respiration Chemical bond energy in food molecules is converted to a form that can be used by the cell (ATP)
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Energy stored in food is measured in calories
Fats store more energy per gram than do carbohydrates and proteins
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Cellular Respiration may be:
Anaerobic: doesn’t require oxygen Aerobic: requires oxygen
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Anaerobic Respiration
Makes a small amount of usable energy without using oxygen Reactions occur in cytoplasm Produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule
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Takes place in yeast, and bacteria
Can also occur in human muscle cells if no oxygen is present.
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Anaerobic Respiration
Glycolysis: (sugar is “split”) Glucose is only partially broken down Not all of it’s stored energy is released C6H12O ATP → 2 pyruvic acid ATP (6-carbon) (3-carbon) Net gain of energy is 2 ATP Are produced Needed to start
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What Happens to Pyruvic Acid?
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What happens to Pyruvic Acid?
Fermentation of Alcohol (Oxygen not present) C6H12O6 → Ethyl Alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP Happens in Yeast Pyruvic acid (from split glucose) is turned into ethyl alcohol and CO2 (carbon dioxide)
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Useful in the brewing and baking industries
Produces alcohol Produces carbonation Bubbles of CO2 make bread rise
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What happens to Pyruvic Acid?
Fermentation of Lactic Acid: (Oxygen not present) C6H12O6 → Lactic Acid + 2ATP Happens in some bacteria Pyruvic acid (from split glucose) becomes lactic acid Used to make cheese, yogurt and buttermilk
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GLYCOLYSIS Alcohol Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Let’s Try This Activity: Finger “Crunches”
As fast as possible crunch your fingers 100 times
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Lactic Acid buildup in human muscle cells
During intense exercise, if oxygen is not present, human muscle cells use anaerobic respiration to produce some energy, yielding lactic acid Lactic acid builds up Muscles eventually cramp up (burning feeling)
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Oxygen Debt: Eventually Lactic acid goes to your liver where it is changed back into glucose which can be used again. In order to convert the lactic acid, your body needs oxygen
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When You Die
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Anaerobic Respiration
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Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm
To produce more ATP, (if oxygen present) reactions must take place in the Mitochondria
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Mitochondria Structure
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Aerobic Respiration Makes more ATP using oxygen Occurs in mitochondria
Most eukaryotic organisms carry out aerobic respiration Plants also carry out respiration!!!
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Glucose gets completely broken down to release energy
Releases more energy than anaerobic respiration (more energy efficient) Most of the CO2 and H2O you exhale is produced from aerobic respiration C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP
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Aerobic Respiration Summary
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3 Steps of Aerobic Respiration
Step 1: Glycolysis Same as in anaerobic respiration Doesn’t require oxygen Takes place in cytoplasm Glucose is split producing 3-carbon pyruvic acid Also produces NADH from NAD+ This “carries” some high energy electrons and H+ Net production of 2 ATP
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Step 2: Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Requires oxygen Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters mitochondria Reactions occur in mitochondrial matrix Produces high energy electron/hydrogen carriers NADH and FADH2 (called coenzymes) These molecules carry “H+” and high energy electrons These will be used later to help produce more ATP Produces CO2 gas Produces 2 ATP
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Aerobic Respiration Summary
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Step 3: Electron Transport Chain
Requires oxygen Occurs on inner membrane of mitochondria Uses high energy electrons and H+ to convert ADP to ATP Uses the NADH/FADH2 from glycolysis & Krebs cycle Final electron & hydrogen acceptor is oxygen (which then becomes H2O which is released) Produces 32 ATP!!! Produces H2O
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Animation of Electron Transport Chain
Note that Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and accepts 2 H+ to become water!
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Respiration Animation
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Anaerobic Phase Doesn’t need O2 Aerobic Phase Needs O2
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Efficiency of Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic: Yields 2 ATP per glucose End products of fermentation still contain a lot of unused potential energy Meets energy needs of simple organisms Aerobic: Yields 36 ATP per glucose More efficient 45% of the energy available in glucose is transferred to ATP where it can do further work for the cell Note: Car engines only converts about 25% of the energy from gasoline
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Respiration of Fats and Proteins
Get broken down and converted into amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids These can enter respiration pathway at different points Fats yield twice as much ATP as glucose Proteins yield about the same as glucose but are not the preferred energy source for the cell
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Evolution of Cellular Respiration
First life originated when there was hardly any oxygen in the atmosphere. (Probably prokaryotes with few organelles and no mitochondria) Glycolysis was the first biochemical process to evolve Happens in cytoplasm and no oxygen needed.
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Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
How are these two processes related to each other? In a typical plant cell describe the way energy is obtained and utilized through both photosynthetic and respiration processes. Include the materials that need to be taken in and released
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Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration
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