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Biology Cells
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PASS Objectives Content Standard 1.1
Cells are composed of a variety of structures such as the nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
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1 All living things are made of cells
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2 Cells are the basic units of life
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3 Cells come only from other cells
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All bacteria cells are about the same size
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All animal cells are about the same size
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All plant cells are about the same size
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Larger animals must have MORE cells. 50 Trillion Cells
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Cell Organelles
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Organelles - 5 min
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Cell Parts - 16 min
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Summary of Cell Organelles
cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus ribosome mitochondria vacuole lysosome plastid support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA) protein synthesis produce energy storage recycle contain pigment
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Cell Wall Surrounds bacteria and plant cells, functions for
support and protection.
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Cell Wall There are large pores in the cell wall that allow
substances to come in contact with the cell membrane.
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Cell Membrane A complex barrier of lipid (fat) molecules
separating the inside of the cell from its external environment.
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Cell Membrane There are two layers of lipid
molecules - one forming the inside surface and one forming the outside surface.
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Cell Membrane Carbohydrate and protein molecules are part of the
membrane and extend through it.
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Cell Membrane The membrane is selectively permeable,
allowing substances like water and oxygen to move freely through it, while keeping other substances from doing so.
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Cell Membrane Water moves through the membrane by the
process of osmosis.
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Cell Membrane During osmosis, particles move easily
from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration by molecular motion only.
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Cell Membrane A cell CAN push molecules against this "concentration
gradient", but it requires the cell to use energy to do so.
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Cytoplasm A thick, aqueous solution of salts surrounding the
organelles inside the cell membrane.
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Cytoplasm Nutrients and minerals spread through the cytoplasm
to all parts of the cell by cytoplasmic streaming...
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Cytoplasm meaning the cytoplasm is constantly slowly
moving inside the cell.
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Nucleus The nucleus directs cell activities.
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Nucleus The nucleus contains the DNA of a cell
in the form of chromatin, long threads of DNA.
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Nucleus Chromosomes form ONLY during cell division.
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Ribosome Sites of protein synthesis in almost all cells.
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Ribosome These small, spherical structures are the most numerous organelles in most cells.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum A system of folded membrane sacs and tunnels in the cytoplasm.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough "ER" is covered with ribosomes. Smooth "ER" has few or no ribosomes.
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Mitochondria Respiration centers of a cell.
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Mitochondria Large organelles scattered through
the cell, they are most numerous in cells that use a LOT of energy like liver and muscle cells.
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Golgi Apparatus A stack of membranes that act to "package" substances
for export from the cell.
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Golgi Apparatus Once enclosed in a vesicle,
the product is sent through the cell membrane.
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Lysosome Lysosomes are the cell's recycling centers.
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Lysosome Enzymes inside lysosomes break down molecules into
smaller materials that are then used to build new complex molecules.
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Vacuole Vacuoles are storage areas within a cell.
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Vacuole Although most cells have vacuoles, plant cells have LARGE
vacuoles in which they store water.
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Plastid Plastids contain pigments, chemicals that produce colors.
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Plastid The cells in your lower
epidermis have melanoplasts, containing the brown pigment called melanin...
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Plastid the more melanoplasts, the darker your skin.
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Plastid Chloroplasts in plant cells contain the green pigment
chlorophyll, which makes photosynthesis possible.
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Summary of Organelles
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Summary of Organelles cell wall
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Summary of Organelles cell wall support & protect cell
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Summary of Organelles cell wall cell membrane support & protect cell
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Summary of Organelles cell membrane surround the cell cell wall
support & protect cell surround the cell
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Summary of Organelles cytoplasm cell wall support & protect cell
cell membrane cytoplasm support & protect cell surround the cell
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Summary of Organelles cytoplasm fluid inside cell cell wall
cell membrane cytoplasm support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell
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Summary of Organelles nucleus cell wall support & protect cell
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell
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Summary of Organelles nucleus controls the cell (DNA) cell wall
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA)
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Summary of Organelles ribosome cell wall support & protect cell
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus ribosome support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA)
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Summary of Organelles ribosome protein synthesis cell wall
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus ribosome support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA) protein synthesis
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Summary of Organelles mitochondria cell wall support & protect cell
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus ribosome mitochondria support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA) protein synthesis
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Summary of Organelles mitochondria produce energy cell wall
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus ribosome mitochondria support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA) protein synthesis produce energy
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Summary of Organelles vacuole cell wall support & protect cell
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus ribosome mitochondria vacuole support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA) protein synthesis produce energy
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Summary of Organelles vacuole storage cell wall support & protect cell
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus ribosome mitochondria vacuole support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA) protein synthesis produce energy storage
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Summary of Organelles lysosome cell wall support & protect cell
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus ribosome mitochondria vacuole lysosome support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA) protein synthesis produce energy storage
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Summary of Organelles lysosome recycle cell wall
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus ribosome mitochondria vacuole lysosome support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA) protein synthesis produce energy storage recycle
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Summary of Organelles plastid cell wall support & protect cell
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus ribosome mitochondria vacuole lysosome plastid support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA) protein synthesis produce energy storage recycle
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Summary of Organelles plastid contain pigment cell wall
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus ribosome mitochondria vacuole lysosome plastid support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA) protein synthesis produce energy storage recycle contain pigment
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Summary of Organelles cell wall support & protect cell cell membrane
cytoplasm nucleus ribosome mitochondria vacuole lysosome plastid support & protect cell surround the cell fluid inside cell controls the cell (DNA) protein synthesis produce energy storage recycle contain pigment
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End - Cell Organelles
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Cell Cycle - 16 min
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The Cycle of Cell Division
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Gap 1 - The formation of two daughter cells from a
parent cell in cytokinesis is an energy-consuming process.
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Gap 1 - The time needed by the cells to replenish their
energy causes this "gap".
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G1 - The longest phase of the cell cycle.
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G1 - It is during this phase
that specialized cells in higher organisms perform their major function.
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S - Synthesis means "to make".
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S - the cell's original DNA
is duplicated in the process of replication.
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Gap 2 - The replication of DNA
is another energy-consuming process for the cell.
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G2 - The time taken by a cell
to build up its energy reserves produces this second gap.
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M - Mitosis is the process
by which DNA is divided into two identical sets before the cell divides.
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Mitosis has four major phases:
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1. Prophase Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
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2. Metaphase Paired chromosomes move to center of the cell.
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3. Anaphase Homologous chromatids (half of a pair of chromosomes)
move to opposite sides of the cell.
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4. Telophase Chromosomes disappear and a nuclear membrane forms
around the chromatin...
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4. Telophase Daughter cells form by cytokinesis.
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Cytokinesis is the division of
the cytoplasm of a parent cell.
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In animal cells, the cell pinches
together, roughly in the center.
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In plant cells, a new cell wall
begins to form between the two daughter cells.
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Cytokinesis marks the end of the M phase.
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The cycle starts over.
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Cells will be found in all phases of the cell cycle in any fast growing tissue.
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Most human body cells can only divide about 50 times before wearing out.
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Meiosis is like Mitosis,
only different...
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Meiosis - 3 min
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Mitosis Meiosis 1 DNA duplication, 1 cell division
1 DNA duplication, 2 cell divisions
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Normal human body cells, somatic cells, have 46 chromosomes, in 23 pairs.
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2n number of chromosomes.
A cell with a full set of chromosomes is said to have a 2n number of chromosomes.
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Human sex cells, gametes, have 23 unpaired chromosomes.
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Gametes are said to have an n number of chromosomes.
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Fertilization - the joining
of gametes.
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Fertilization restores the "2n" chromosome number.
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This process defines sexual reproduction.
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END Content Standard 1.1
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Comparison of Cell Size
If the nucleus of a cell were the size of a penny, the cell would be the size of a football field. Comparison of Cell Size
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