1. Ch. 8 & 9 – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

2. A. All organisms require energy for survival. 1. Ultimately, all of the energy in food comes from the sun. I. Energy and Life

3. 2. Autotrophs – organisms that make their own food using energy from the sun a. Example: Plants, algae, and some bacteria can trap energy from the sun (light energy) and convert it into food (chemical energy) I. Energy and Life

4. 3. Heterotrophs – organisms that eat plants or other animals to get energy b. Example: Animals and other organisms cannot trap sunlight directly for food; instead they eat green plants or animals for food. I. Energy and Life

5. 4.Why do organisms need energy? To move, breathe, reproduce 5.Why do cells need energy? Active transport, cell division, to make proteins 6.Where does energy come from? Food (carbohydrates = quick energy) (lipid= long term energy) I. Energy and Life

6. B. Two Types of Cellular Energy I. Energy and Life

7. 1. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) – a molecule with 3 phosphate groups, ribose (a sugar), and adenine (a nitrogen base). I. Energy and Life

8. 2. ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) – a molecule with 2 phosphate groups, ribose (a sugar), and adenine (a nitrogen base). a. ADP is created when ATP loses energy and a phosphate. I. Energy and Life

9. ATP vs. ADP I. Energy and Life

10. 3. How is energy released and stored? a. Energy is released by breaking the bond and removing a phosphate. ATP  ADP b. Energy is stored by adding 1 phosphate to ADP. ADP  ATP I. Energy and Life

11. Energy

12. I. Energy and Life

13. 4. Most cells only have a small quantity of ATP (just a few seconds worth)! a. ATP is not efficient at storing energy for a long time. b. Cells rely on the ability to make more ATP from ADP by using energy from carbohydrates and lipids. I. Energy and Life

14. A. Photosynthesis – when an autotroph uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make glucose, with oxygen as a byproduct. II. Photosynthesis

15. 1.Photosynthesis Equation – CO 2 + H 2 O + light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 II. Photosynthesis

16. 2. Chloroplast – organelle where photosynthesis occurs 3. Chlorophyll – Most common pigment in chloroplasts; it reflects green light a. Must be present for photosynthesis to occur. II. Photosynthesis

17. Photosynthesis has 2 stages or reactions: – Light dependent reactions – Light independent reactions (a.k.a. Calvin Cycle) II. Photosynthesis

18. B. Two Steps of Photosynthesis 1. Step One: Light Dependent Reactions a. Require light! b. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, which causes electrons to gain lots of energy; ATP (energy carrier) and NADPH (electron carrier) are stored for light independent reactions. II. Photosynthesis

19. NADP+ NADPH NADP+ II. Photosynthesis

20. c. Water molecules broken apart into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. - H 2 O + Light  O 2 + H 2 - Oxygen is released as a byproduct to the atmosphere. II. Photosynthesis

22. 2. Step Two: Light Independent Reactions (A.K.A. The Calvin Cycle) a. Does not require light! b. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas form glucose (sugar), using energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH. CO 2 + H 2  C 6 H 12 O 6 II. Photosynthesis

24. 3.Factors That Influence Photosynthesis Rate a. Lack of Water Example/Adaptation: Desert plants/conifers (pines)  waxy coating and needle “leaves” to reduce water loss II. Photosynthesis

25. b. Temperature – Influences the activity of enzymes - Best around 35 degrees. c. Intensity of Light (varies by plant) - Excess UV rays/sunlight can decrease photosynthesis. II. Photosynthesis

26. Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

27. Plants—make food (sugar) through photosynthesis Animals and other organisms—get food by eating plants and animals Energy Review

28. A. Cellular Respiration – glucose and food are broken down to make energy (ATP) in ALL organisms. 1. Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes. 2. Occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. III. Cellular Respiration

29. 3. Cellular Respiration Equation – C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + energy III. Cellular Respiration

30. B. Two Types of Cellular Respiration 1. Aerobic Respiration – breaking down of glucose molecules into smaller pieces in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP III. Cellular Respiration

31. THREE STEPS OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION 1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb’s/Citric Acid Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) III. Cellular Respiration

32. 2. Three Steps of Aerobic Respiration a. Glycolysis – occurs in cytoplasm; glucose is split in half, forming a pyruvate molecule - 2 ATP released - electrons released and carried to mitochondria by NADH III. Cellular Respiration

34. b. Kreb’s/Citric Acid Cycle – occurs in the mitochondria; pyruvate is split into smaller pieces - CO 2 gas released (we breathe it out) - 2 ATP released - electrons released and stay in mitochondria III. Cellular Respiration

35. Cellular Respiration FAD+ FADHFAD+ NAD+ NADHNAD+

36. c. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) – occurs in the mitochondria; electrons forced through the mitochondrial membrane - 32 ATP released III. Cellular Respiration

37. - TOTAL ENERGY: 36 ATP III. Cellular Respiration

38. 3. Anaerobic Respiration – breaking down glucose molecules into smaller pieces in the absence of oxygen to produce ATP X III. Cellular Respiration

39. 4. Two Steps of Anaerobic Respiration a. Glycolysis – occurs in cytoplasm; glucose is split in half, forming a pyruvate molecule - 2 ATP released - electrons released and carried to mitochondria III. Cellular Respiration

40. b. Fermentation – breaking down pyruvate without oxygen III. Cellular Respiration

41. Two Types of Fermentation 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation – pyruvate is broken down into lactic acid + ATP – 2 ATP release – Lactic acid builds up as in muscle cells and causes burning sensation (muscle cramping) during strenuous exercise. C-C-C + NADH  H-C-C-C + ATP + NAD+ pyruvate e’ carrier  lactic acid energy carrier III. Cellular Respiration

42. 2.Alcoholic Fermentation – pyruvate is broken down into alcohol, carbon dioxide, and ATP in yeast and bacterial cells - 2 ATP released - Used in making bread and beer C-C-C + NADH  C-C-OH + CO2 + ATP Pyruvate + e’ carrier  alcohol + carbon + energy dioxide III. Cellular Respiration

43. Eat DigestionGlycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain Oxygen is present No oxygen is present Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) Lactic acid fermentation Alcoholic fermentation In animals In yeast Aerobic respiration Cellular Respiration

44. ___________________________ _________ ____________ __________ __________ __________ _____________________ ____________________ ________ _______ _________ Cellular Respiration

45. Photosynthesis vs.Respiration food synthesized food broken down requires energyproduces energy Chloroplastmitochondria/cytoplasm Only autotrophs Autotrophs and heterotrophs (all living cells)