1. Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms
Cells can only be observed under microscope
Basic types of cells:
Bacterial Cell
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

2. Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell
Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize

3. Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes: include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles
Eukaryotes: include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)

4. Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
Two structural types of cells are recognized:
Prokaryotic
Archaea and bacteria
Eukaryotic: plants, algae, fungi, protists, and animals (variety)
Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus.
Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.

5. Prokaryote Eukaryote Contains plasma membrane Contains plasma membrane
Simpler internal structure
Absence of nucleus
One circular chromosome, not in a membrane
No membrane enclosed organelles
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Binary fission for cell division
Smaller
Contains plasma membrane
Contain nucleus
Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
Membrane enclosed organelles
Simple (polysaccharide) cell walls
Cell division by mitosis or meiosis
Larger

6. Structure of Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cell

7. Prokaryotes – The first Cells
Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Includes bacteria
Simplest type of cell
Single, circular chromosome
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8. Prokaryotes Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA
Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan)
Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins
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9. Eukaryotes Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
More complex type of cells
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10. Differences b/w the 2 types of cells
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Larger
Contains membrane bound organelles
Contains a nucleus
Smaller
Does not contain membrane bound organelles
No nucleus

11. a large central vacuole plants plasma membrane prokaryotes
Words you can use:
Animals
bacteria
chloroplasts
Eukaryotes
a large central vacuole
plants
plasma membrane
prokaryotes
All cells have a:
And are grouped into two broad categories:
Which are mainly:
Some contain yeast and algae
Which contains unique structures such as:
Cell walls

12. a large central vacuole plants plasma membrane prokaryotes
Words you can use:
Animals
bacteria
chloroplasts
Eukaryotes
a large central vacuole
plants
plasma membrane
prokaryotes
All cells have a:
Plasma membrane
And are grouped into two broad categories:
prokaryotes
eukaryotic
Which are mainly:
bacteria
plants
animals
Some contain yeast and algae
Which contains unique structures such as:
Cell walls
chloroplasts
A large central vacuole

13. Viruses Non cellular Obligate intracellular parasites
They must live inside another cell to survive
Have only one type of nucleic acid
DNA or RNA (never both)
Single or Double stranded
Protein coat (no plasma membrane)
Few to no enzymes
Takes enzymes and use host cell metabolic machinery
No metabolic activity
They require a host cell to exhibit the characteristics of life.
Virus diversity
Different viruses have different hosts
Only some viruses cause disease

14. Structure & Organelles Vocabulary
Plasma Membrane
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Vacuole
Vesicle
Cell wall
Ribosome
Cytosol
Cytoplasm

15. Organelles
Very small (Microscopic) “little organs” that carry out specific functions within each cell
Perform various functions for a cell
Found in the cytoplasm
May or may not be membrane-bound

16. Eukaryotic: Animal Cell

17. Eukaryotic: Plant Cell

18. Prokaryotic Cell

19. Plasma Membrane (AKA cell membrane
Function: A flexible boundary that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Key word: Selective permeability.
Cell Type: All cells
Analogy: __________

20. Cell Membrane in Plants
Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape

21. Cell Wall Nonliving layer Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
Made of cellulose in plants
Made of peptidoglycan in bacteria
Made of chitin in Fungi
Cell Type: Plants
Analogy:_____________________________

22. Cell Wall Supports and protects cell
Found outside of the cell membrane

23. More on Cytoplasm Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Collective term for cytosol plus the organelles suspended within the cytosol
Found in ALL cells
Analogy:______________________

24. Cytosol
The fluid surrounding the cytoplasm’s organelles, internal membranes, and cytoskeleton fibers
Analogy:_______________________
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25. Cytoskeleton Helps cell maintain cell shape and supporting structure
Also help move organelles around
Made of proteins
Microfilaments are threadlike & made of ACTIN
Microtubules are tubelike & made of TUBULIN
Analogy:____________________________

27. Cellular Support
Cytoskeleton is made of microtubules thin, hollow cylinders made of protein, & microfilamentsthin solid protein fibers

28. Cytoskeleton
MICROTUBULES
MICROFILAMENTS
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29. Nucleus
Function: The nucleus contains the cells DNA, stores information used to make proteins
For cell growth, function & reproduction.
Key Word: Control Center
Cell Type: All Eukaryotic Cells
Analogy: ____________

30. Nucleolus Inside nucleus Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli
Disappears when cell divides
Makes ribosomes that make proteins
Analogy:____________________
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31. Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
Network of hollow membrane tubules
Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane
Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport
Analogy?_________________________________
Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH
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32. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
Has ribosomes on its surface
Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell
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33. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface
Is attached to the ends of rough ER
Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell
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34. Functions of the Smooth ER
Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
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35.  Ribosomes “Protein factories” for cell
Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. Produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus.
Join amino acids to make proteins
Process called protein synthesis
Analogy:________ 
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36. Golgi Apparatus
Function: It’s a flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts & packages proteins into sacs.
Key Word: Packing & Sorting
Cell Type: All Eukaryotic Cells
Analogy: ____________

37. Golgi Bodies Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER
Look like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, & package
molecules from ER
for storage OR transport out of cell
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38. Golgi
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39. Vesicles
-small saclike organelles that store and transport materials around the inside of cells
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40. Chloroplasts
Function: Capture light energy & convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Key Word: Producer of energy
Cell Type: Euk. Plant cell
Analogy: ____________

41. Vacuoles Fluid filled sacks for storage
Small or absent in animal cells
Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole
No vacuoles in bacterial cells
Analogy:_______________
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42. Vacuoles In plants, they store Cell Sap
Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes
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43. Mitochondria
Function: It converts fuel particles (mainly sugar) into usable energy.
Key Word: Powerhouse
Cell Type: All Eukaryotic Cells
Analogy: ____________

44. MITOCHONDRIA CONT Has its own DNA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane
Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface area for more chemical
Reactions)
Interior called MATRIX
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45. Interesting Fact ---
Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization
Therefore …
You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!
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46. Lysosomes
Function: Processes enzymes that digest excess or worn out organelles, wastes.
Key Word: Gets rid of waste
Cell Type: Euk. Animal Cells
Analogy: ____________

47. Similarities between plant cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria

48. Differences between plant cells and animal cells
Relatively smaller in size
Relatively larger in size
Irregular shape
Regular shape
No cell wall
Cell wall present

49. Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
Vacuole small or absent
Large central vacuole
Glycogen as food storage
Starch as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Nucleus near cell wall

50. Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella
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51. Cilia & Flagella
Cilia short, numerous, hair-like projections that move in a wavelike motion

52. Flagella larger projections that move w/ a whip-like motion

53. Cilia & Flagella Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells
Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
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54. Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the Lungs Respiratory System
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55. Cell Size
Question: Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse?
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56. Cell Size
Question: Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse?
About the same size, but …
The elephant has MANY MORE cells than a mouse!
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