1. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

2. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
TWO FORMS OF RESPIRATION
RESPIRATION = BREATHING
BREATHING IS ??
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DEFINITION??

3. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
FORMULA??
VERY EFFICIENT ENERGY CONVESION
PRODUCES ??
WHAT IS THE MAJORITY OF ENERGY USED FOR?

4. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
CELLULAR RESPIRATION DISMANTLES GLUCOSE IN A SERIES OF ENERGY RELEASING STEPS, STORING THIS RELEASED ENERGY AS ATP
WHERE DOES THE ENERGY IN GLUCOSE COME FROM?
ELECTRONS TRANSFERS!!
REACTIONS INVOLVING THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS ARE CALLED REDOX REACTIONS

5. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
REDOX REACTIONS
THE MOVEMENT OF ELECTRONS FROM ONE MOLECULE TO ANOTHER

6. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
REDOX REACTIONS
OXIDATION VS REDUCTION
OIL RIG (OXIDATION IS LOSS; REDUCTION IS GAIN)
LEO GOES GER (LOSE ELECTRONS OXIDATION; GAIN ELECTRONS REDUCTION)
IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION NAD IS AN ELECTRON CARRIER (TAXI)

7. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
REDOX REACTIONS RELEASE ENERGY WHEN ELECTRONS “FALL” FROM ELECTRON CARRIER TO OXYGEN
ELECTRON CARRIERS??
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINS??
WHY ARE THESE NECESSARY?

8. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

9. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
TWO MECHANISMS GENERATE ATP
CHEMIOSMOSIS + ATP SYNTHASE
SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

10. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

11. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
HOW DOES THE CELL UTILIZE THESE ENERGY CONVERSION MECHANISMS?
CELLULAR RESPIRATION!!

12. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

13. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
THREE MAIN STAGES
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (E.T.C)

14. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
GLYCOLYSIS
HARVESTS CHEMICAL ENERGY BY OXIDIZING GLUCOSE TO PYRUVIC ACID

15. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
GLYCOLYSIS
“SPLITTING OF SUGAR”
GLUCOSE IS CHANGED TO PYRUVIC ACID IN A SERIES OF 9 STEPS
WHO WANTS TO MEMORIZE ALL 9 STEPS??

16. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
LET’S LOOK AT THE CLIFF’S NOTES VERSION 

17. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
MAJOR POINTS ABOUT GLYCOLYSIS
OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM
REQUIRES INITIAL INPUT OF ENERGY (2 ATP) TO BEGIN REACTION (IT TAKES MONEY TO MAKE MONEY)
GLUCOSE  PYRUVIC ACID
1 6-CARBON COMPOUND  2 3-CARBON COMPOUNDS
OVERALL GLYCOLYSIS REACTION??
PRODUCES A SMALL AMOUNT OF ENERGY, WHICH IS SUFFICIENT FOR BACTERIA, OR YEAST, TO SURVIVE, BUT NOT FOR LARGER ORGANISMS

18. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
WHAT HAPPENS NEXT??
*GROOMING PHASE*
PYRUVIC ACID DIFFUSES INTO THE MITOCHONDRIA AND IS ‘GROOMED’

19. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
WHY DOES THE GROOMING PHASE OCCUR?
WHAT ARE THE REACTANTS?
WHAT ARE THE PRODUCTS?
WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE OVERALL?

20. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
KREBS CYCLE

21. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
KREBS CYCLE
DISASSEMBLES ACETYL-COA AND FORMS ENERGY STORING MOLECULES AND CO2
WORKS ON EACH PYRUVATE; SINCE 2 PYRUVATES WERE MADE THE CYCLE OCCURS 2X!!

22. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
KREB CYCLE
ALSO CALLED CITRIC ACID CYCLE
WHO WANTS TO MEMORIZE THIS 

23. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
LET’S CREATE A SIMPLER DIAGRAM…SHALL WE??
WHAT ARE THE MAIN POINTS??
OCCURS IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
EACH TURN PRODUCES 1 ATP, 3 NADH, AND 1 FADH2
OCCURS 2X (1X FOR EACH PYRUVATE MOLECULE)
RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCTION OF CO2 THAT WE EXHALE (WHERE DID THIS CO2 COME FROM?)
PRODUCES A LOT OF HIGH ENERGY CARRIERS, BUT NOT MUCH USEABLE ENERGY (ATP)

24. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
LET’S SUM UP WHAT WE HAVE SO FAR:

25. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
THE ENERGY IN NADH AND FADH2 MUST BE RELEASED
ENTER THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN!!
CHEMIOSMOSIS + ATP SYNTHASE!!

26. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
USES THE ENERGY OF THE ELECTRONS TO CREATE A PROTON (H+) GRADIENT ACROSS THE INNER MEMBRANE OF THE MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMIOSMOSIS
THE DIFFUSION OF THE H+ ION ACROSS THE INNER MEMBRANE
POWERS ATP PRODUCTION
ATP SYNTHASE
ENZYME EMBEDDED IN INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE THAT ACTUALLY MAKES THE ATP

27. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

28. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
WHY ARE CYANIDE AND CARBON MONOXIDE POISONOUS??
BLOCK ELECTRON FLOW, SO THEY PREVENT ??

29. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
OXYGEN ACTS AS THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR!!
COMBINES WITH ELECTRONS AND H+ IONS TO FORM WATER!!
ATP SYNTHASE CAN PRODUCE ANYWHERE FROM ATP’S PER GLUCOSE OXIDIZED!!

30. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

31. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
LET’S SUM UP OUR REACTIONS!!

32. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
WHAT HAPPENS IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN??
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN CAN’T OCCUR
KREBS CYCLE CAN’T OCCUR
GLYCOLYSIS IS THE ONLY ANAEROBIC PROCESS
BUT THERE ARE A FINITE NUMBER OF NAD+ AVAILABLE, SO WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?

33. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY

34. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
WHAT IS FERMENTATION??
DEFINITION?
TWO TYPES
ALCOHOLIC VS LACTIC ACID

35. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
AEROBES VS ANAEROBES?
STRICT ANAEROBES?
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES?

36. HOW CELLS HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
WHERE DOES ALL THE ENERGY IN GLUCOSE COME FROM TO BEGIN WITH??
TUNE IN NEXT TIME TO FIND OUT MORE!!!!