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AP Biology Review Session 2
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Concept Check The cell is sometimes described as a protein factory. Using the cell-as- factory analogy, which of the following accurately describes the functions of the endomembrane system? The ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are analogous to a production line in a factory. The golgi apparatus is analogous to the packaging and shipping department. The nucleus is analogous to management offices. All of the above. Answer: 4
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Concept Check The three domains of life described by biologists today include the bacteria, the archaea and the eukarya (all other forms of life). What is the principle difference between the eukarya or eukaryotes and the prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria)? The prokaryotes do not have a plasma membrane surrounding the cell. The prokaryotes use RNA and not DNA to pass on the genetic message. The eukaryotes have the interior of the cell divided by internal membranes into specialized compartments. The eukaryotes engage in cellular metabolism while the prokaryotes do not. Answer: 3
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Chapter 4 $100 Question A _________ is an example of a unicellular organism. a. cat b. pine tree c. fish d. protist ANSWER
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Chapter 4 $200 Question Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they __________. a. lack a nucleus b. have a smaller nucleus c. lack a plasma membrane d. Have more internal membranous compartments ANSWER
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Chapter 4 $300 Question __________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes. a. Triglycerides b. Phospholipids c. Fatty acids d. Steroids ANSWER
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Chapter 4 $400 Question Which of these pairs of organelles are responsible for energy conversion? a. mitochondrion and chloroplast b. vacuole and ribosome c. centriole and lysosome d. Golgi apparatus and smooth endoplasmic reticulum ANSWER
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Chapter 4 $500 Question Information is transferred from the cell nucleus to ribosomes via the molecule __________. a. RNA b. rER c. sER d. DNA ANSWER
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a. l. b. c. k. j. i. h. d. g. e. f.
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Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Describe microscopes and their importance in viewing cellular structure Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Describe the structure of cell membranes and how membrane structure relates to function Discuss ways that cellular organelles are involved in the manufacture and breakdown of important cellular molecules List cell structures involved in manufacture and breakdown of important cellular materials Describe the function of each cellular organelle that is involved in manufacture and breakdown of important cellular materials List cell structures involved in energy conversion Describe the function of each cellular organelle that is involved in energy conversion List cell structures involved in internal and external support of cells Describe the function of each cellular organelle that is involved in internal and external support of the cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Concept Check This diagram represents osmosis of water across a semipermeable membrane. The U- tube on the right shows the results of the osmosis. What could you do to level the solutions in the two sides of the right hand U-tube? Add more water to the left hand side. Add more water to the right hand side. Add more solute to the left hand side. Add more solute to the right hand side. Answer: 3
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Concept Check Membranes organize cell activities. The proteins imbedded in the membranes are essential to their function. These membrane proteins have properties that allow them to “float” in the membrane. Which of the following describe those properties? The surface region of the protein in the interior of the membrane is mostly hydrophobic. The surface region of the protein in the interior of the membrane is mostly hydrophillic. The surface region exposed to the outer environment is hydrophobic. The surface region exposed to the interior environment is hydrophobic. Answer: 1
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Concept Check Enzymes catalyze the many reactions in a cell. There are hundreds of different enzymes in a cell—each with a unique three- dimensional shape. Why do cells have so many different enzymes? Each enzyme molecule can only be used once. The shape of enzyme’s active site generally fits a specific substrate. The substrate molecules react with enzymes to create new enzymes. Enzymes are randomly produced. With thousands of different shapes—one is likely to work. Answer: 2
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Chapter 5 $100 Question Which of the following is a measure of disorder? a. entropy b. kinetic energy c. potential energy d. respiration ANSWER
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Chapter 5 $200 Question A(n) _____________ is the amount of energy that raises the temperature of 1 g of water by 1° C. a. calorie b. ATP c. entropy d. enzyme ANSWER
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Chapter 5 $300 Question Molecules of food and gasoline contain a special form of potential energy called __________ energy, due to the arrangement of their atoms. a. kinetic b. ionic c. covalent d. chemical ANSWER
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Chapter 5 $400 Question Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ________. a. decreasing activation energy b. changing the pH c. increasing the temperature of the substances d. contributing water to the reaction ANSWER
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Chapter 5 $500 Question Osmosis is _____________.
a. the diffusion of nonpolar materials b. the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane c. the diffusion of a solute d. active transport ANSWER
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Requires no energy Requires energy Passive transport Active transport
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Higher solute concentration Higher water concentration Higher solute concentration Solute Water Lower solute concentration Lower water concentration Lower solute concentration
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ATP cycle Energy from exergonic reactions Energy for endergonic reactions
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Molecules cross cell membranes by by passive transport (a) may be moving down moving against requires (b) uses diffusion (d) uses (e) of of polar molecules and ions (c)
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c. b. a. d. f. e.
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You should now be able to
Describe the cell membrane within the context of the fluid mosaic model Explain how spontaneous formation of a membrane could have been important in the origin of life Describe the passage of materials across a membrane with no energy expenditure Explain how osmosis plays a role in maintenance of a cell Explain how an imbalance in water between the cell and its environment affects the cell Describe membrane proteins that facilitate transport of materials across the cell membrane without expenditure of energy Discuss how energy-requiring transport proteins move substances across the cell membrane Distinguish between exocytosis and endocytosis and list similarities between the two Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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You should now be able to
Explain how energy is transformed during life processes Define the two laws of thermodynamics and explain how they relate to biological systems Explain how a chemical reaction can either release energy or store energy Describe ATP and explain why it is considered to be the energy currency of a cell Define enzyme and explain how enzymes cause a chemical reaction to speed up Discuss the specificity of enzymes Distinguish between competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Concept Check Some prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells use oxygen to harvest energy from food molecules? In what form is that energy available to power cell work? Heat and light. Glucose molecules. Fat molecules. ATP molecules. Answer: 4
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Concept Check Fat molecules store 9 Kcal per gram. There are about 454 grams in a pound of fat so that means that one pound of fat stores about 4,000 Kcal of energy. Based on the chart of energy consumption, which of the following would “burn off” a pound of fat, assuming your normal activities consumed calories equal to the rate of your calorie intake? Running 7 miles Swimming 2 miles Walking 27 miles Running about 40 miles Answer: 4
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Concept Check The figure above represents an overview of the different processes of cellular respiration. Which of the following correctly identifies the different processes? 1. Glycolysis; 2. Electron transport chain; 3. Krebs cycle 1. Glycolysis; 2. Krebs cycle; 3. Electron transport chain 1. Krebs cycle; 2. Electron transport chain; 3. Glycolysis 1. Electron transport chain; 2. Glycolysis; 3. Krebs cycle Answer: 2
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Concept Check The figure above represents an overview of the different entry pathways to cellular respiration when different macromolecules are digested for energy production. Why are none of the digestive products entering the electron transport chain, directly? The electron transport chain is too deeply embedded in the mitochondria. The electron transport chain only receives electrons carried by reduced electron carrier molecules such as NADH. The electron transport chain only receives electrons carried by oxidized electron carrier molecules such as NAD+. The electron transport chain does not produce ATP. Answer: 2
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Chapter 6 $100 Question The molecule _________ is the main source of energy used to drive chemical reactions in cells. a. lactic acid b. ATP c. carbon dioxide d. DNA ANSWER
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Chapter 6 $200 Question ____________ is the anaerobic harvest of food energy. a. Electron transport b. Cellular respiration c. Photosynthesis d. Fermentation ANSWER
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Chapter 6 $300 Question Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
a. outside the mitochondria b. in the endoplasmic reticulum c. in the fluid of the mitochondria d. on the outer mitochondrial membrane ANSWER
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Chapter 6 $400 Question The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ________. a. ATP b. oxygen c. carbon dioxide d. lactic acid ANSWER
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Chapter 6 $500 Question What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle? a. acetyl CoA b. lactic acid c. ethyl alcohol d. NADH ANSWER
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ATP needed to drive biosynthesis
GLUCOSE SYNTHESIS CITRIC ACID CYCLE Acetyl CoA Pyruvate G3P Glucose Amino groups Amino acids Fatty acids Glycerol Sugars Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Figure 6.16 Biosynthesis of large organic molecules from intermediates of cellular respiration. Cells, tissues, organisms
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Cytoplasm NADH Mitochondrion Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Glucose
NADH and FADH2 Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation (Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis) Glucose Pyruvate CO2 CO2 ATP ATP ATP
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Cellular respiration ATP glucose and (a) organic fuels (b) (d) (c)
generates has three stages oxidizes uses ATP glucose and organic fuels (a) produce some C6H12O6 (b) (d) produces many energy for to pull electrons down to (c) cellular work (f) by process called uses H+ diffuse through ATP synthase chemiosmosis (e) uses pumps H+ to create H+ gradient
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You should now be able to
Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are necessary to provide energy that is required to sustain your life Explain why breathing is necessary to support cellular respiration Describe how cellular respiration produces energy that can be stored in ATP Explain why ATP is required for human activities Describe the process of energy production from movement of electrons List and describe the three main stages of cellular respiration Describe the major steps of glycolysis and explain why glycolysis is considered to be a metabolic pathway Explain how pyruvate is altered to enter the citric acid cycle and why coenzymes are important to the process Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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You should now be able to
Describe the citric acid cycle as a metabolic pathway designed for generating additional energy from glucose Discuss the importance of oxidative phosphorylation in producing ATP Describe useful applications of poisons that interrupt critical steps in cellular respiration Review the steps in oxidation of a glucose molecule aerobically Compare respiration and fermentation Provide evidence that glycolysis evolved early in the history of life on Earth Provide criteria that a molecule must possess to be considered a fuel for cellular respiration Discuss the mechanisms that cells use to biosynthesize cell components from food Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Concept Check This is the summary equation for the process of photosynthesis. This reaction is endergonic. is exergonic. has an equal amount of energy in the reactants and the products. is catabolic. Answer: 1
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Concept Check Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis rely on electron transport chains embedded in membranes to produce ATP molecules. Which of the following correctly describes the difference between the two types of electron transport chains? In cellular respiration the electron source is water and the final electron destination is oxygen. In cellular respiration the electron source is the hydrogens in energy rich food and the final electron destination is oxygen. In photosynthesis the electron source is water and the final destination is oxygen. Both 2 and 3. Answer: 2
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Concept Check When a photon of the correct energy is absorbed by a photosystem, an electron is energized and transferred to a primary electron acceptor. This creates an electron “hole”. How is the missing electron replaced? Electrons removed from glucose replace the missing electrons. Electrons from hydrogen made available by splitting water replace the missing electrons. The replacement electrons come from NADPH. The electrons come from ATP. Answer: 2
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Concept Check Imagine that you have planted bean seedlings (C3) and corn seedlings (C4) in an artificial soil and sealed them in an aquarium. The aquarium has plenty of light, nutrients and water but a given volume of air. Based on your knowledge of photorespiration which of the following are most likely? Both kinds of plants should do equally well. As the plants photosynthesize the carbon dioxide levels will fall giving the C3 plants the advantage. As the plants photosynthesize the carbon dioxide levels will fall giving the C4 plants the advantage. The results are unpredictable. Answer: 3 C3 plant, low CO2 C4 plant, low CO2
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Chapter 7 $100 Question Which of the following is an autotroph?
a. mushroom b. honeybee c. mountain lion d. pine tree ANSWER
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Chapter 7 $200 Question In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?
a. chloroplast b. mitochondrion c. nucleus d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum ANSWER
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Chapter 7 $300 Question __________ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem. a. NADPH b. Water c. Carbon dioxide d. Chlorophyll a ANSWER
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Chapter 7 $400 Question The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the________. a. stroma b. thylakoid membrane c. cytosol d. cristae ANSWER
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Chapter 7 $500 Question _________, produced during the Calvin cycle, is the raw material plants use to make necessary organic molecules. a. Glucose b. Carbon dioxide c. Sucrose d. G3P ANSWER
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Chloroplast H2O CO2 Light Stroma NADP+ Thylakoid membranes ADP P Light reactions Calvin cycle ATP NADPH O2 Sugar
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Mitochondrion structure Chloroplast structure Intermembrane space H+ c. Membrane Matrix d. a. e. b.
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Photosynthesis (a) (b) (c) chemical energy light-excited electrons of
converts includes both (a) (b) (c) to in which in which chemical energy light-excited electrons of chlorophyll CO2 is fixed to RuBP H2O is split and and then (d) are passed down reduce NADP+ to (h) using (f) to produce (e) producing sugar (G3P) (g) by chemiosmosis
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You should now be able to
Explain the value of autotrophs as producers Provide a general description of photosynthesis in chloroplasts Explain how plants are able to produce oxygen as a product of photosynthesis Contrast photosynthesis to respiration in terms of redox reactions Describe the importance of visible radiation to photosynthesis Describe plant photosystems and their function in photosynthesis Describe the linkage (connection) between the two plant photosystems Describe how chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in plants Discuss the Calvin cycle and how it uses ATP and NADPH Describe two plant adaptations that save water in hot, dry climates Detail how photosynthesis could help moderate globing warming Discuss the importance of the Earth’s protective ozone layer Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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