2. CELLULAR RESPIRATION l Includes metabolic pathways l Begins with glucose and ends with carbon dioxide & water l Overall equation (aerobic) l Glucose-high energy molecule l Electrons are removed from substrates & received by oxygen (oxidation)

3. OVERALL DESCRIPTION l Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is released l Glucose is released slowly and ATP is produced gradually l Breakdown of glucose yields 38 ATP l Each reaction is catalyzed by l its own enzyme

4. COMPONENTS OF OVERALL PROCESS l Glycolysis l Transition Reaction l Kreb’s Cycle l Electron Transport

5. GLYCOLYSIS l Begins with the two phosphorylations using 2 ATP l Sugar cleavage occurs l Oxidations (dehydrogenations) occur l 2 ATP form. Aerobic or anaerobic respiration may follow

6. GLYCOLYSIS l Definition l 1. Gain of 2 ATP l 2. Occurs in the cytoplasm l 3. Does not require oxygen

7. AEROBIC RESPIRATION l The Transition Reaction l The Kreb’s Cycle l The Electron Transport System l Pyruvic Acid broken down into carbon dioxide and water l Takes place in the mitochondria

8. THE TRANSITION REACTION l Pyruvic acid is oxidized to Acetyl Co A and carbon dioxide is removed

9. THE KREB’S CYCLE l 1. Number of 0xidations (dehydrogenations) occur l 2. Carbon dioxide is produced l 3. 2 immediate ATP are produced per molecule of glucose. l The cycle turns twice for each glucose molecule.

10. THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM l 1. Series of carriers accepts electrons. Electrons are passed from carrier to carrier until received by oxygen. l Electrons pass from higher to lower energy state l Once formed ATP diffuses out of the mitochondria. l

11. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OR FERMENTATION l Pyruvic acid is a pivotal metabolite in cellular respiration l If oxygen is not available to the cell, fermentation, an anaerobic process occurs l Lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and l carbon dioxide is formed &2ATP

12. ENERGY YIELD FROM GLUCOSE METABOLISM AEROBIC 1. From Kreb’s Cycle 2. From Electron Transport 3. From Glycolysis ANAEROBIC 1. From Glycolysis COMPARE END PRODUCTS FOR BOTH PROCESSES

13. CRITICAL THINKING l Cyanide interrupts the cytochrome system of electron transport. l Why is cyanide a universal poison effective in all organisims with mitochondria?

14. CRITICAL THINKING l The electron transport system is the producer of ATP from ADP in aerobic respiration. Stopping the electron transport system stops ATP production. Which stops metabolic reactions. l This is a universal system.