1. New Knowledge of Human Beings and Society (Palmer text, section 29)
AP European History
Androstic

2. Review:
What does the illustration to the right illustrate about the views of the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century?
Cover of the Rudolphine Tables, Johannes Kepler, 1627

3. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution
Explosion of scientific thought
Growth of scientific institutions (Royal Society of London (1662), Royal Academy of Sciences (France, 1666)
Scientific publications help spread ideas faster
Scientific improvements (navigation and mapmaking, advancing military technologies, tidal charts, steam power)
Increased skepticism, conflict between science and religion
Confidence in human ability
Reinforcement of natural law/natural rights
Economic and social changes
Taxes to pay for development of military
Agricultural and industrial improvement

4. Growth of Skepticism
Europeans realized the vastness and difference of the world
Elites became skeptical of old assumptions
Need for evidence
Decline in which trials (illustrates divide between elite and popular cultures)
Historical scholarship
Chronology
Religious Scholarship

5. Montaigne’s Essay on Cannibals
Example of growing skepticism
Cannibals probably think our customs odd or inhuman
Beliefs are relative to time and place (many beliefs have no scientific foundation)

6. Need for Evidence Affected law and witchcraft
Sufficient evidence needed regardless of accusation
Confessions gained through torture not sufficient evidence

7. Historical Scholarship
Knowledge of past reliant on remaining evidence
Historical science faced skepticism
Scholars tried to find reliable evidence to determine accurate history
Paleography – deciphering/authenticating manuscripts
Numismatics – study of currency/coinage

8. Claimed world was created in 4004 B.C.
Chronology
Age of the world, finding common denominator between dating systems of various people
Creation of the world?
Relationship in dates of all civilizations?
Gregorian vs. Julian calendar
Necessity of uniform dating?
James Usher:
Claimed world was created in 4004 B.C.

9. Religious Scholarship
The bible faced textual criticisms that had been applied to secular documents

10. Richard Simon Critical History of the Old Testament
questioned legitimacy of some books of the O.T.
Doubtful/unknown origins
Monks made errors in copying
Evidence of info inserted later

11. Baruch Spinoza
Developed pantheism – God had no existence apart from the world (some called it atheism)
Denied inspiration of bible, miracles, supernatural
Controversial – people afraid to read his writings

12. John Locke
True knowledge is derived from experience (Who does that sound like?)
Tabula rasa
promoted common sense, improved human society, and confidence in social progress

13. Questions to assess your understanding:
Whose ideas were the basis for Europeans’ (geocentric) view of the universe?
Which astronomers contributed to the destruction of the geocentric view of the universe?
Who postulated the heliocentric view of the universe?
What does empiricism emphasize?
Who created the modern scientific method?
Who put forth the three laws of planetary motion?
Who formulated the law of universal gravitation?
What was Galileo’s greatest achievement?
Who wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres? What is its significance?
Who wrote Principia? What is its significance?
Who postulated the theory of inertia? What did it state?
What are the significant consequences of the scientific revolution?

14. It’s time to learn a new skill!

15. How can this strategy be used in AP European History?
PERSIA
How can this strategy be used in AP European History?

16. PERSIA Political Economic
PERSIA is a strategy of thinking about a civilization/society. The acronym PERSIA stands for:
Political
Economic
Religious
Social
Intellectual
Arts

17. How can PERSIA be useful to you?
When completing an FRQ (Free Response Question) or a DBQ (Document-Based Question), thinking of these societal conditions can help you make connections necessary in your analysis.

18. Example FRQs that could use PERSIA:
Discuss the political and social consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of the sixteenth century. (Test 2)
How and to what extent did the Commercial Revolution transform the European economy and diplomatic balance of power in the period from ? (Test 3)
Compare and contrast the triumph of constitutionalism in England and Holland with the triumph of absolutism in France. (Test 4)

19. How can PERSIA be useful to you?
In multiple-choice questions, you can use PERSIA to eliminate choices (if the question deals with a political characteristic, eliminate choices that deal with economics/religion).
Two examples from past AP Exams follow…