1. The Red Scare THREATS TO CIVIL LIBERTIES

2. Red Scare Fueled by 1917, Communist/Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (Lenin) Americans fear a communist takeover Become suspicious of un-Americans – communists, socialists, anarchists, labor leaders, foreigners People fear speaking freely KKK, nativism, Quota Acts

3. Palmer Raids 1919-20, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer leads Palmer Raids ◦Without warrants, police raid “un- American” organizations ◦4,000 arrested without charges ◦Denied legal counsel Deported 560 aliens

4. Sacco and Vanzetti Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti – admitted anarchists – convicted of murder in 1921 Little evidence  believed to be convicted more because of Italian origin than for a crime Executed in 1927

5. The Roaring 20’s Changing Cultural Values

6. President Harding “Return to Normalcy” ◦Traditional foreign policy of isolation ◦Shift from wartime to peacetime economy (consumer goods increase!) ◦Less gov’t regulation of business Teapot Dome Scandal ◦Secretary of the Interior accepted bribes from oil executives in exchange for allowing them to lease gov’t- owned petroleum reserves

7. Prosperity under Coolidge Pro-business policies ◦Gov’t role was to serve business ◦Business expands ◦GNP rises 40% Labor movement weakened ◦Troops and injunctions; decrease in labor union membership Farmers suffer ◦Overproduction; income fell 50%

8. Booming Economy Consumer Goods Increase ◦Henry Ford’s assembly line leads to mass production ◦Buying on credit, installment buying Stock Market Speculation ◦Buying stocks on margin - very small down payments

9. Changes in Society Urbanization increases ◦Traditional vs. modern values ◦“Flappers” Leisure ◦Movies, radio, sports figures Organized crime increases ◦Speakeasies, bathtub gin, bootleggers (Al Capone) ◦Unpopular laws are difficult to enforce

10. Scopes Monkey Trial 1925, conflict between science and religion (fundamental Protestantism) John Scopes, a biology teacher, was brought to trial for deliberately violating state law forbidding the teaching of evolution Scopes was convicted and fined $100 Represented modern vs. traditional values

11. Marcus Garvey Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa Advocated pride and self help as means of empowerment

12. Harlem Renaissance Pride in African American culture and identity Literature ◦W.E.B. Du Bois, Langston Hughes Jazz Music ◦Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith