1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy Bellringer Why do you think a female’s egg is much larger than a male’s sperm? 8 th Grade

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Pregnancy 8 th Grade Pregnancy and Early Development

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy 8 th Grade How Life Begins Fertilization (conception) – joining of the sperm and egg can occur because of sexual intercourse Sexual intercourse – the reproductive process in which the penis is inserted into the vagina and through which a new human life may begin

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy 8 th Grade Fertilization The sperm travel from the vagina through the uterus and into the fallopian tubes, where fertilization occurs It only takes one sperm to fertilize an egg. –Chemical change – no other sperm can get in Zygote – genetic material of the egg and sperm combine to form one cell

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy 8 th Grade The fertilized egg divides The zygote travels down the woman’s fallopian tube toward her uterus –Take about 3-5 days It divides into 2 cells … then 4 cells … and then into a ball of many cells.

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy 8 th Grade The Embryo Implants in the Uterus Embryo – a developing human from fertilization through the first 8 weeks of development Implantation - the ball of hundreds of cells becomes embedded in the uterine wall

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 8 th Grade Pregnancy A placenta supports the baby Placenta – a blood vessel-rich organ that forms in a mother’s uterus and that provides nutrients and oxygen to and removes wastes from a developing human

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 8 th Grade Pregnancy 4 early signs of pregnancy 1.A missed menstrual period; often feels like a period is about to start. 2.Positive urine or blood test for human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG) 3.Tenderness and enlargement of the breasts and darkening of the nipples. 4.Nausea (“morning sickness”) and fatigue

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 8 th Grade Pregnancy How a Baby Develops

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 8 th Grade Pregnancy First Trimester (first 3 months) 4 th week – heart starts beating, arm and leg buds appear, and eyes and brain begin to develop – embryo less than ¼ of an inch long (BB pellet) Amnion – fluid-filled membrane surrounding the embryo Umbilical cord – connects the embryo to the placenta Star of the 8 th week – developing human is called a fetus –Brain waves can be detected –Muscle movements begin –Bones and muscles are developing –All major body parts have formed

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 8 th Grade Pregnancy Second Trimester (months 4-6) Organ systems continue to develop By 4 months – mother can feel the fetus move or “kick” Reproductive organs can be recognized as distinctly male or female Fetus can hear and recognize voices Hair forms on the head

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy 8 th Grade 3 rd Trimester (months 7-9) Time when the fetus gains most of its weight Most fetuses are about 20 inches Brain develops further All other organs are almost complete Fetus can grasp with his/her hands Fetus’s skin becomes smooth – fat deposits underneath the skin Nervous system will continue to develop after birth

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy 8 th Grade Keeping Healthy Before and During Pregnancy

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy 8 th Grade Keeping Healthy Before and During Pregnancy Avoid alcohol and other drugs (including caffeine and tobacco), and exposure to cigarette smoke. Maintain a nutritious diet that follows the Food Guide Pyramid and eat regular meals Need up to 450 extra calories a day, but should not “eat for 2 people” Take Prenatal vitamins, prescribed by a healthcare provider, before and throughout a pregnancy Folic acid Get regular, moderate levels of exercise. Have all medical conditions evaluated by a doctor early in the pregnancy.

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy 8 th Grade Prenatal Care During Pregnancy Prenatal care – the healthcare provided for a woman during her pregnancy –A woman should visit a doctor on a regular basis throughout pregnancy –A father can play an active role in a pregnancy by going to all doctor visits Routine procedures –Blood pressure, weight, urine, and fetal heartbeat checks –Ultrasound – uses sound waves to draw pictures of a baby on a monitoring screen –Amniocentesis – tests the amniotic fluid to detect certain genetic problems and to determine the gender of the fetus

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy 8 th Grade Problems During Pregnancy

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy 8 th Grade Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) A set of birth defects that affect a fetus that has been exposed to alcohol during pregnancy Symptoms –Physical and mental problems Mental retardation Growth deficiency Hyperactivity Treatment –None Prevention –A woman completely avoiding alcohol during her pregnancy

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Miscarriage Death of fetus from natural complications before the 20 th week of pregnancy Symptoms –Vaginal bleeding or pregnancy tissue expelled from uterus Treatment –Determined by doctor 8th GradePregnancy

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy Implantation of the fertilized egg in the fallopian tube Symptoms –Abdominal pain early in the pregnancy –Weakness –Faintness Treatment –Surgery or medical treatment is required immediately 8th GradePregnancy

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Toxemia Medical problem with unknown cause but common in pregnant teens; may be related to the placenta or hormones Symptoms –Swelling of face and ankles –High blood pressure –Protein in urine of mother –Convulsions if severe Treatment –Medications –Frequent checkups –Early delivery of baby in some cases Prevention –Prevented with good prenatal care 8th GradePregnancy

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Gestational Diabetes Diabetes during pregnancy Symptoms –High blood sugar level in mother Treatment –Change in diet –Medication –Early delivery of the baby in some cases 8th GradePregnancy

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Rh incompatibility A condition in which a mother’s immune system reacts against the fetus’s blood due to an incompatibility in blood cell type Symptoms –Anemia (low red blood cell count) in fetus –Fetal death Treatment –Immunization of mother before and after pregnancy –Monitoring of health of fetus 8th GradePregnancy

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Premature birth Early birth due to abnormal uterus, bleeding behind placenta, STD multiple pregnancy, or other causes Symptoms –Delivery of baby before the 38 th week Treatment –Good postnatal care in hospital’s premature baby nursery 8th GradePregnancy

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Stages of Childbirth 8th Grade Pregnancy

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Onset of labor Contractions, or tightening of the uterine muscles 8th Grade Pregnancy

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Dilation First stage of birth Uterus contracts, which causes the cervix to dilate or open up Mother’s “water breaks”- the membranes surrounding the baby rupture Cervix is fully dilated when it reaches 10cm Pregnancy8th Grade

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Expulsion Second stage of birth Baby’s head emerges fully and the shoulders rotate Episiotomy may be done at this stage –Surgical incision of the outer end of the vagina to allow more room for delivery of the baby 8th Grade Pregnancy

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Placental Third stage of birth Begins after the delivery of the baby and ends when the uterus expels the placenta (“after- birth”) Doctor suctions mucus from the baby’s mouth so the baby can breathe Umbilical cord is tied and cut A mother may breast-feed her baby immediately if the baby is not ill Pregnancy 8th Grade

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Breast milk provides all of the nutrients an infant needs and helps protect the baby from infections and stomach problems Also helps establish the bond between a mother and her baby Pregnancy8th Grade Benefits of breast feeding

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Types of childbirth Natural childbirth – delivery of a baby naturally through the vagina Cesarean section (C-section) – a type of childbirth in which the baby and placenta are carefully lifted out of the mother’s body by surgery –Reasons for a c-section Breech birth – the baby may not be coming in the correct position (“rear-end first”) Baby is too large to fit through the birth canal Pregnancy8th Grade