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Published byKeegan Moors Modified over 10 years ago
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Conception • Conception is when sperm and egg meet
and fertilization occurs • Sperm - one of the tiniest cells in the human body • Conception occurs in the outer third of the fallopian tube • Zygote - fertilized egg
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Improving the Chances of Conception
• Time intercourse so it occurs around time of ovulation • Sperm live inside a woman’s body for up to 5 days • Egg is capable of being fertilized for about the first 12 to 24 hours after ovulation • Position during and after intercourse is important
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Symptoms of Pregnancy • Missed menstrual period • Breast tenderness
• Morning sickness • More frequent urination
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Diagnostic Signs of Pregnancy
• Presumptive Signs: breast changes, amenorrhea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, frequent urination • Probable Signs: Positive pregnancy test, physical changes in the uterus • Positive Signs: Ultrasound or X-ray of fetus, fetal heartbeat, fetal movement
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Pregnancy Tests Physician tests:
– Immunologic test based on detection of hCG – Beta-hCG radioimmunoassay • Home pregnancy tests
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Development of the Conceptus
• Nine months of pregnancy are divided into three equal periods of three months - called trimesters – First trimester - months 1 to 3 – Second trimester - months 4 to 6 – Third trimester - months 7 to 9
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The Embryo and Its Support Systems
• Placenta - an organ formed on the wall of the uterus through which the fetus receives oxygen and nutrients and gets rid of waste products • Human chorionic gonadotropin - a hormone secreted by the placenta; it is the substance detected in pregnancy tests
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The Embryo and Its Support Systems
• Umbilical cord - the tube that connects the fetus to the placenta • Amniotic fluid - the watery fluid surrounding a developing fetus in the uterus
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Fetal Development During the First Trimester
• Develops into a fetus with most of the major organ systems present • 4th to 8th week - external body parts develop
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Fetal Development During the First Trimester
• 7th week - liver, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, and intestines have formed and begun limited functioning • End of 12th week - 10 centimeters long; weighs 19 grams
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Fetal Development During the Second Trimester
• Quickening occurs - women becomes aware of fetal movements – around the end of the 14th week • Fetal heart beat can be detected • Fetus opens its eyes
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Fetal Development During the Third Trimester
• Fetus’s skin is wrinkled and covered with downlike hair • Fetus turns in uterus to assume a head-down position • Fetus experiences rapid growth
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Physical Changes: First Trimester
• Large increase in levels of hormones • Breasts swell and tingle; development of mammary glands • Need to urinate • Morning sickness • Vaginal discharges may increase • Feelings of fatigue and sleepiness
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Psychological Changes
• Depression is common • Negative emotions • Positive feelings
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Physical Changes: Second Trimester
• Morning sickness disappears • Constipation and nosebleeds sometimes occur • Edema - water retention and swelling • Colostrum may come out of the nipple
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Psychological Changes
• Psychological well-being is greater among women who have social support • Depression higher in some studies
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The Father’s Role in Pregnancy
• Couvade syndrome - male pregnancy Symptoms(a condition in which a man experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior of an expectant mother.) • The father-to-be - many choose to be actively involved • Diversity in the contexts of pregnancy - there are lots of various family contexts that exist today
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Sex During Pregnancy • Intercourse can continue safely until 4 weeks before the baby is due
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Nutrition During Pregnancy
• Diet during is extremely important • Woman must get enough protein, folic acid, calcium, magnesium and vitamin A • The fetus comes first – it draws the nutrients it needs first, and whatever is left is for mom
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Nutrition Deficiencies
• Calcium – future risk of bone and tooth loss • Folic acid – (folate) much higher risk of neural tube defects. (decreases risk by 50%) • Zinc – malformations of the central nervous system
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Effects of Drugs Taken During Pregnancy
• Teratogens - a substance that produces defects in a fetus • Antibiotics - may damage fetus • Alcohol - may cause fetal alcohol syndrome • Cocaine - increased risk of premature birth
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Effects of Drugs Taken During Pregnancy
• Steroids - can cause masculinization of a female fetus and other fetal damages • Other drugs - check with physician and “when in doubt, don’t” • Dads and drugs – drugs can damage sperm and their genetic content
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Birth: The Beginning of Labor
• Bloody show(During pregnancy, your cervical opening becomes blocked with a thick plug of mucus that prevents bacteria from entering the uterus. When your cervix begins to loosen, this mucous plug is dislodged.) • Amniotic sac ruptures • Progesterone-withdrawal theory
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The Stages of Labor • Labor divided into 3 stages • Parturition - whole process of childbirth
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First-Stage Labor • Regular contraction of uterus muscles • Effacement • Dilation • Divided into 3 stages: – Early first-stage labor (0-5 cm) – Late first-stage labor (5-8 cm) – Transition phase (8-10cm)
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Second-Stage Labor: Delivery
• Begins when cervix is fully dilated • Urge to push or bear down • Crowning – top of the head is visible • Episiotomy may be performed – incision that is sometimes made at the vaginal entrance during birth • Baby is born
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Third-Stage Labor • Placenta detaches from walls of the uterus • Afterbirth is expelled • Several contractions may accompany placental expulsion • Episiotomy and tears are sewn up
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Cesarean Section • A method of delivering a baby surgically, by an incision in the abdomen • Reasons to have a C Section: – Baby is too large, mother’s pelvis is too small – Cervix is not dilating – Umbilical cord prolapses(comes out of place) – Excessive bleeding – Placenta previa(blocks cervix)
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After the Baby is Born: The Postpartum Period
• Physical changes – Hormones levels return to normal – Woman may feel exhausted – Discomfort from episiotomy • Psychological changes – Postpartum depression
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Attachment to the Baby • Bonding can occur before baby is born • Critical period of bonding occurs in minutes and hours immediately after birth
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Sex During Postpartum • Couple should wait at least 2 weeks before resuming intercourse • If woman had an episiotomy, she may experience vaginal discomfort Sex may not be resumed for up to 6 weeks in some cases.
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Breast-Feeding Biological mechanisms – Prolactin - stimulates breasts to produce milk – Oxytocin - stimulates breasts to eject milk • Physical and mental health – Breast feeding is encouraged
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Problem Pregnancies • Ectopic pregnancy - fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the uterus • Pseudocyesis - false pregnancy • Pregnancy-induced hypertension – too much stress for mother to be able to handle.
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Problem Pregnancies • Viral illness during pregnancy • Birth defects • Rh incompatibility • Miscarriage - spontaneous abortion • Preterm birth
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Infertility • Refers to a woman’s inability to conceive and give birth to a living child, or a man’s inability to impregnate a woman • Causes - can be either female factors or male factors
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Causes in the Female • Pelvic inflammatory disease • Failure to ovulate • Blockage of the fallopian tubes • Hostile mucus
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Causes in the Male • Infections in the reproductive system caused by sexually transmitted diseases • Low sperm count • Low motility of the sperm
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Combined Factors • Immunologic response • Lack of knowledge
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Psychological Aspects of Infertility
• Couple subjected to psychological stress • Man may feel that his masculinity or virility is in question
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Treatment of Infertility
• Fertility drugs • Microsurgery • New reproductive technologies
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Assisted Reproductive Technologies
• Artificial insemination - sperm are placed into vagina by means other than sexual intercourse • Sperm banks • Embryo transfer - embryo is transferred into uterus, usually from the lab.
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New Reproductive Technologies
• Test-tube babies - in vitro fertilization - egg is fertilized by sperm in a laboratory dish • GIFT - gamete intra-fallopian transfer • ZIFT - zygote intra-fallopian transfer • Cloning • Gender selection
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