1. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES

2. OVERVIEW: GAS EXCHANGE INVOLVES BREATHING, THE TRANSPORT OF GASES, AND THE SERVICING OF TISSUE CELLS

3. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES 3 PHASES OF GAS EXCHANGE – BREATHING – TRANSPORT – ABSORPTION/SECRETION

4. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES ANIMALS EXCHANGE O 2 AND CO 2 THROUGH MOIST BODY SURFACES – RESPIRATORY SURFACE THE PART OF AN ANIMAL WHERE O 2 DIFFUESES INTO THE ANIMAL AND WHERE CO 2 DIFFUSES OUT TO THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT TYPES OF RESPIRATORY SURFACES INCLUDE – SKIN – GILLS – TRACHAE – LUNGS

5. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES RESPIRATORY SURFACES – SKIN – GILLS  EXTENSIONS, OR OUT-FOLDINGS, OF THE BODY SURFACE SPECIALIZED FOR GAS EXCHANGE – TRACHEA – LUNGS

6. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES SKIN – EXAMPLE : EARTHWORM

7. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES GILLS – ARE ADAPTED FOR GAS EXCHANGE IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS – VENTILATION REFERS TO ANY MECHANISM THAT INCREASES CONTACT BETWEEN SURROUNDING WATER OR AIR AND THE RESPIRATORY SURFACE – WHY IS THERE NO PROBLEM KEEPING THE GILLS MOIST?

8. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES GILLS – UTILIZE COUNTERCURRENT FLOW TO ENHANCE O 2 TRANSFER THE TRANSFER OF SOMETHING FROM A FLUID MOVING IN ONE DIRECTION TO ANOTHER FLUID MOVING IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION

9. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES TRACHEA – THE TRACHEAL SYSTEM OF INSECTS PROVIDES DIRECT EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE AIR AND BODY CELLS – TRACHEOLES THE NARROWEST TUBES, THEY EXTEND TO NEARLY EVERY CELL IN THE INSECT’S BODY – SPIRACLES OPENINGS ON THE SURFACE OF SOME ANIMALS THAT LEAD TO RESPIRATORY SURFACES (SYSTEMS)

10. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES LUNGS – FOUND IN TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES

11. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INCLUDES – DIAPHRAGM BINDS THE CHEST CAVITY AT THE BOTTOM; A SHEET OF MUSCLE – NASAL CAVITY AIR ENTERS THROUGH NOSTRILS; FILTERED AND HUMIDIFIED – PHARYNX – LARYNX “VOICE BOX”; HOUSES THE VOCAL CORDS – AIR RUSHING PASSED THEM CAUSES VIBRATIONS AND SOUND – TRACHEA – BRONCHI TUBES FORKING OFF TRACHEA THAT LEAD TO EACH LUNG – BRONCHIOLES REPEATED BRANCHES OFF THE BRONCHI – ALVEOLI GRAPE-LIKE CLUSTERS OF AIR SACS, COVERED IN CAPILLARIES; THIS IS THE SITE OF OXYGEN/CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGED WITH CIRCULATING BLOOD

12. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES SMOKING IS ONE OF THE DEADLIEST ASSAULTS ON OUR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM – INCREASED RISK OF LUNG CANCER – EMPHYSEMA LOSS OF LUNGS ELASTICITY, REDUCTION OF GAS EXCHANGE DUE TO LOSS OF ALVEOLI

13. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES BREATHING VENTILATES THE LUNGS – BREATHING THE ALTERNATION OF INHALATION AND EXHALATION

14. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES BREATHING VENTILATES THE LUNGS – NEGATIVE PRESSURE BREATHING AIR TRAVELS FROM A REGION OF HIGH PRESSURE TO A REGION OF LOW PRESSURE – VITAL CAPACITY THE MAXIMUM VOLUME OF AIR THAT WE CAN INHALE AND EXHALE – AS AGE INCREASES, RESIDUAL VOLUME (AMOUNT OF DEAD AIR LEFT IN ALVEOLI) INCREASES; SO THE VITAL CAPACITY DECREASES

15. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES BREATHING IS AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED – BREATHING CONTROL CENTERS LOCATED IN THE PARTS OF THE BRAIN KNOWN AS THE PONS AND MEDULLA OBLANGATA

16. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES BREATHING IS AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED – HYPERVENTILATING EXCESSIVELY TAKING RAPID, DEEP BREATHS – THE AMOUNT OF CO 2 IN THE BLOOD IS WHAT CONTROLS BREATHING

17. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES BLOOD TRANSPORTS THE RESPIRATORY GASES, WITH HEMOGLOBIN CARRYING THE OXYGEN – PARTIAL PRESSURE EACH KIND OF GAS IN A MIXTURE ACCOUNTS FOR A PORTION OF THE MIXTURES’ TOTAL PRESSURE – HEMOGLOBIN PROTEIN THAT CARRIES THE O 2 IN THE BLOOD AND THROUGHOUT THE BODY

18. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES BLOOD TRANSPORTS THE RESPIRATORY GASES, WITH HEMOGLOBIN CARRYING THE OXYGEN – VIDEO 1 VIDEO 1 – VIDEO 2 VIDEO 2 – VIDEO 3 VIDEO 3 – VIDEO 4 VIDEO 4

19. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES HEMOGLOBIN HELPS TRANSPORT CO 2 AND BUFFER THE BLOOD

20. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES HEMOGLOBIN HELPS TRANSPORT CO 2 AND BUFFER THE BLOOD – HEMOGLOBIN HAS 3 FUNCTIONS CARRYING O 2 CARRYING CO 2 BUFFERING THE BLOOD – HELPING TO CONTROL THE PH

21. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES THE HUMAN FETUS EXCHANGES GASES WITH THE MOTHER’S BLOODSTREAM – HUMAN FETUS’ LUNGS ARE FILLED WITH FLUID AND ARE NON- FUNCTIONAL – FETAL HEMOGLOBIN HAS A HIGHER AFFINITY FOR O 2 – THE FETUS GETS GAS EXCHANGE VIA THE PLACENTA AND UMBILICAL CORD SMOKING CAN HURT THE FETUS SEVERELY BECAUSE THE AMOUNT O 2 DROPS BY ABOUT 25%

22. RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES SO WE’VE TALKED ABOUT HOW WE INGEST FOOD, AND HOW WE INHALE OXYGEN…BUT HOW DO THESE SUBSTANCES GET TO ALL OF THE CELLS IN THE BODY?? ANSWER… COME BACK TO FIND OUT!! BUT UNTIL THEN, HERE IS A HINT 