1. Outline the role of the epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland in the production of semen.

2. 11.4.7 Sperm produced in seminiferous tubules
In the epididymis, sperm are stored and gain motility
On arousal, millions of sperm travel along the vas deferens
Near the bladder, seminal vesicle glands add a large volume of fluid (high fructose concentration)
Prostate adds more fluid (alkaline) to help spermatozoa survive female’s vagina

3. Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, including the number of gametes and the timing of the formation and release of gametes

4. How are the alike? Both begin with Both make use of Both include
mitosis
Both make use of
LH and FSH
Both include
2 meiotic reduction divisions

5. How are they different? Development into sperm between puberty & death
TIming
Development into sperm between puberty & death
Development into eggs between puberty & menopause
Location
Testis
Oviduct
Haploid/Diploid
4 haploid sperm cells
1 haploid egg cell

6. How are they different? Amount
Millions of sperm are produced every day
Typically, one secondary oocyte is ovulated per mentrual cycle
Size
Very small
Very large
Release
During ejaculation
Secondary oocyte released during ovulation

7. Describe the process of fertilization, including the acrosome reaction, penetration of the egg membrane by a sperm and the cortical reaction

8. Fertilization Not as simple as “sperm meets egg”
How does the sperm get through the zona pellucida?
What causes meiosis of the egg to finish?
How does the egg prevent further entry of sperm cells (polyspermy)

9. Fertilization

10. Fertilization

12. Fertilization

13. Fertilization

14. Fertilization

15. 11.4.10 Outline the role of HCG in early pregnancy

16. HCG
When the blastocyst implants into the endometrium, it starts to release HCG hormone.

17. HCG
HCG concentration continues to rise for 8-10 weeks. HCG causes the corpus luteum to secrete estrogen & progesterone
Progesterone and estrogen inhibit FSH and LH – so no more eggs are released

18. HCG
Progesterone maintains the endometrium, where the blastocyst develops into a fetus and the placenta forms.

19. HCG
Secondary oocyte left an outer ring of follicle cells within the ovary
This layer begins mitotically dividing & secretes estrogen and progesterone
This is a temporary endocrine gland (corpus luteum)
If no fertilization, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone for about 14 days

20. 11.4. 11 Outline early embryo development up to the implantation of the blastocyst.

21. Early Embryonic Development
Fertilization = zygote
Start mitotic division
1st division usually 24 hours after fert.
Dividing and still moving down the fallopian tube getting closer to the uterus
Approx. 100 cells by the time it reaches the uterus (4 -5 days later)
Ready to implant – a blastocyst

22. Blastocyst Characterized by
Surrounding layer of cells called the trophoblast (helps with the fetal portion of the placenta)
A group of cells on the interior known as the inner cell mass and located toward one end of the “ball” (Inner cells become body of embryo)
A fluid-filled cavity

23. Explain how the structure and function of the placenta, including its hormonal role in secretion of estrogen and progesterone, maintain pregnancy

25. HCG and the Placenta
Large human ovum – contains nutrients needed for early development
1st 2 weeks after fertilization – no true growth bc. embryo is still size of original egg
Nutrients used for metabolism, not growth
When embryo implants into the endometrium it is running out of food
Embryo & maternal endometrium begin to create the placenta

26. Progestins Progesterone is a progestin with 2 major roles
Support the endometrium – provide an environment conducive to fetal survival. If the endometrium is deprived of progestins, the pregancy will be terminated
Suppression of contractility in uterine smooth muscle.

27. Estrogens
Stimulate growth of the myometrium and antagonize the myometrial-suppressing activity of progesterone.
Stimulate mammary gland development.

28. 11.4.13 State that the fetus is supported and protected by the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid.

29. Amniotic Sac

31. 11.4.14 State that materials are exchanged between the maternal and fetal blood in the placenta

33. Blood supply
2 fetal blood vessels within the umbilical cord carry fetal blood to the placenta
Blood within these 2 vessels is deoxygenated and carries waste products
Fetal blood exchanges materials with the maternal bloodstream and another fetal blood vessel returns the blood to the fetus
Returning blood is oxygenated and nutrients have been added while in the placenta

34. Materials passed from fetus to
mother within the placenta
Materials passed from mother to fetus within the placenta
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Urea
Nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc)
Water
Hormones (e.g. HCG)
Hormones
Vitamins, minerals
Alcohol, many drugs, nicotine (if taken by mother during pregnancy
Some viruses such as German measles, HIV (if mother is infected)

35. Blood mixing?
At NO TIME does the blood of the fetus and the blood of the mother actually mix – exchange of material only

36. Outline the process of birth and its hormonal control, including the changes in progesterone and oxytocin levels and positive feedback

37. Hormonal control of Birth

38. Hormonal control of Birth

39. Hormonal control of Birth

40. Hormonal control of Birth

41. Hormonal control of Birth

42. Major events of vaginal childbirth
Major hormone changes
Opening of the cervix to 10 cm
The most typical position for the baby is head-first, face down
The shoulders of the baby are typically the widest part to pas through the birth canal
The afterbirth is the name for the expelled placenta, occurring after the baby is born
Lactation begins soon after birth

44. Birth videos

45. TWINS!!!!
30% of twins are identical
70% of twins are fraternal