1. Technical Cooperation, Europe Region, School of Drafting Regulations Module 1.12: Emergency Exposure Situations Stavroula Vogiatzi Special Scientific Personnel / Medical Physicist M.Sc. Greece / Greek Atomic Energy Commission / Department of Licensing & Inspection Vienna, 05 / 11 / 2014

2. Contents Emergency exposure situations - Scope Emergency management system Preparedness & response for an emergency Arrangements for controlling the exposure of emergency workers Arrangements for the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation 2

3. SCOPE The requirements for emergency exposure situations established in Section 4, apply to activities undertaken in preparedness for and in response to a nuclear or radiological emergency. 3

4. Requirement 43: Emergency management system (EMS) The government shall ensure that an integrated & coordinated emergency management system is established & maintained. 4

5. Requirement 43: The government shall ensure that an EMS is established & maintained on the territories & within the jurisdiction of the State, for the purposes of emergency response to protect human life, health & the environment, in the event of a nuclear or radiological emergency. The EMS shall be designed to be commensurate with the results of a hazard assessment [15] & to enable an effective emergency response to reasonably foreseeable events (including very low probability events) in connection with facilities or activities. The EMS shall be integrated, to the extent practicable, into an all-hazards EMS. 5

6. The EMS shall provide for essential elements at the scene, at the local, national & international level, as appropriate, including the following [15]:  Hazard assessment;  Development & exercising of emergency plans & emergency procedures;  Clear allocation of responsibilities to persons & organizations having roles in the arrangements for EPR;  Arrangements for efficient & effective cooperation & coordination among organizations;  Reliable communication, including public information;  ; 6 Requirement 43:

7.  Optimized protection strategies for the implementation & the termination of measures for the protection of members of the public, who could be subject to exposure in an emergency, including relevant considerations for protection of the environment;  Arrangements for the protection of emergency workers;  Education & training, including training in radiation protection, of all persons involved in emergency response & exercising of emergency plans & emergency procedures;  Preparations for the transition from emergency exposure situation to existing exposure situation; 7 Requirement 43:

8.  Arrangements for the medical response & the public health response in an emergency;  Provision for individual monitoring & environmental monitoring & for dose assessment;  Involvement of relevant parties & interested parties. The government shall ensure the coordination of its emergency arrangements & capabilities, with the relevant international emergency arrangements. 8 Requirement 43:

9. 9 GSR-Part 3Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom Emergency management system (Requirement 43) Emergency management system (Article 97, Annex XI) Reference levels (Article 7, Annex I) Prior information & training for emergency workers (Article 17) Information to the public (Articles 70, 71) International cooperation (Article 99)

10. Requirement 44: PUBLIC EXPOSURE Preparedness & response for an emergency The government shall ensure that protection strategies are developed, justified & optimized at the planning stage & that emergency response is undertaken by their timely implementation. 10

11. Requirement 44: PUBLIC EXPOSURE The government shall ensure that protection strategies are developed, justified & optimized at the planning stage, by using scenarios based on the hazard assessment, for avoiding deterministic effects & reducing the likelihood of stochastic effects due to public exposure. 11

12. Requirement 44: Development of a protection strategy shall include, but shall not be limited to, the following successive steps:  a reference level expressed in terms of residual dose shall be set, typically an effective dose in the range of 20–100 mSv, that includes dose contributions via all exposure pathways. The protection strategy shall include planning for residual doses to be as low as reasonably achievable, below the reference level & the strategy shall be optimized. 12

13. Requirement 44:  on the basis of the outcome of the optimization of the protection strategy, using the reference level, generic criteria for particular protective actions & other response actions, expressed in terms of projected dose or of dose that has been received, shall be developed. If the numerical values of the generic criteria 47 are exceeded, those protective actions & other response actions, either individually or in combination, shall be implemented. 47 Table A–1 in the Annex provides a set of generic criteria for use in the protection strategy, compatible with reference levels within a range of 20–100 mSv & provides further details for specific actions in different time frames. 13

14. 14 GENERIC CRITERIA FOR PROTECTIVE ACTIONS & OTHER RESPONSE ACTIONS IN AN EMERGENCY TO REDUCE THE RISK OF STOCHASTIC EFFECTS Generic criteria Examples of protective actions & other response actions Projected dose that exceeds the following generic criteria: Projected dose that exceeds the following generic criteria: Take urgent protective actions & other response actions H thyroid 50 mSv in the first 7 days Iodine thyroid blocking E 100 mSv in the first 7 days Sheltering; evacuation; decontamination; restrictions on food, milk and drinking water; H fetus 100 mSv in the first 7 days contamination control; reassurance of the public Projected dose that exceeds the following generic criteria: Projected dose that exceeds the following generic criteria: Take early protective actions & other response actions E 100 mSv in the first year Temporary relocation; decontamination; restrictions on food, milk & drinking water; reassurance of the public H fetus 100 mSv for the full period of in utero development Dose that has been received and that exceeds the following generic criteria: Dose that has been received and that exceeds the following generic criteria: Take longer term medical actions to detect & to effectively treat radiation induced health effects E 100 mSv in a month Health screening based on equivalent doses to specific radiosensitive organs (as a basis for medical follow-up); counselling H fetus 100 mSv for the full periodCounselling to allow informed decisions to be of in utero developmentmade in individual circumstances TABLE A–1 Annex

15. Requirement 44:  Once the protection strategy has been optimized & a set of generic criteria has been developed, pre- established operational criteria for initiating the different parts of an emergency plan, primarily for the initial phase, shall be derived from the generic criteria.  Operational criteria, such as on-scene conditions, operational intervention levels & emergency action levels, shall be expressed in terms of parameters or observable conditions.  Arrangements shall be established in advance to revise these operational criteria, as appropriate, in an emergency, with account taken of the prevailing conditions as they evolve. 15

16. Requirement 44: Each protective action shall be justified in the context of the protection strategy. The government shall ensure that in making arrangements for EPR, it is taken into consideration that :  emergencies are dynamic,  decisions taken early in the emergency response may influence subsequent actions &  different geographical areas may have different prevailing conditions & there may be different requirements for the response. 16

17. Requirement 44: The government shall ensure that the response in an emergency exposure situation, is undertaken by the timely implementation of arrangements for emergency response, including but not limited to:  Promptly taking protective actions & other response actions to avoid severe deterministic effects on the basis of observed conditions & if possible, before any exposure occurs. Dose levels required to be used as generic criteria for preventing severe deterministic effects are given in Table IV.1 of Schedule IV (p. 372); 17

18. 18 GENERIC CRITERIA FOR DOSES RECEIVED WITHIN A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME FOR WHICH PROTECTIVE ACTIONS & OTHER RESPONSE ACTIONS ARE EXPECTED TO BE UNDERTAKEN UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES TO AVOID OR TO MINIMIZE SEVERE DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS Acute external exposure (<10 h) Acute external exposure (<10 h) If the dose is projected: AD red marrow a 1 Gy ——Take precautionary urgent protective actions AD fetus 0.1 Gy immediately (even under difficult conditions) to keep doses AD tissue b 25 Gy at 0.5 cm below the generic criteria AD skin c 10 Gy to 100 cm2 ——Provide public information & warnings ——Carry out urgent decontamination a AD red marrow represents the average relative biological effectiveness (RBE) weighted absorbed dose to internal tissues or organs (e.g. red marrow, lung, small intestine, gonads, thyroid) & to the lens of the eye from exposure, in a uniform field of strongly penetrating radiation. b Dose delivered to 100 cm 2 at a depth of 0.5 cm under the body surface in tissue, due to close contact with a radioactive source (e.g. source carried in the hand or pocket). c The dose is to the 100 cm 2 dermis (skin structures at a depth of 40 mg/cm 2 (or 0.4 mm) below the surface). TABLE IV.1. Schedule IV

19. 19 GENERIC CRITERIA FOR DOSES RECEIVED WITHIN A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME FOR WHICH PROTECTIVE ACTIONS & OTHER RESPONSE ACTIONS ARE EXPECTED TO BE UNDERTAKEN UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES TO AVOID OR TO MINIMIZE SEVERE DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS Acute internal exposure due to an intake (Δ = 30 d) d AD(Δ) red marrow 0.2 Gy for radionuclidesIf the dose has been received: with atomic number Z ≥ 90 e ——Perform immediate medicalexamination, 2 Gy for radionuclidesconsultation & indicated medical treatment with an atomic number Z ≤ 89 e ——Carry out contamination control AD(Δ) thyroid 2 Gy——Carry out immediate decorporation f (if AD(Δ) lung g 30 Gyapplicable) AD(Δ) colon 20 Gy——Carry out registration for longer term medical AD(Δ′) fetus h 0.1 Gyfollow-up ——Provide comprehensive psychological counselling d AD(Δ) is the RBE weighted absorbed dose delivered over a period of time Δ by the intake (I 05 ) that will result in a severe deterministic effect in 5% of exposed individuals. This dose is calculated as described in appendix I of Ref. [29]. e Different generic criteria are used to take account of the significant difference in RBE weighted absorbed dose from exposure at the intake threshold values specific for these two groups of radionuclides. TABLE IV.1. Schedule IV

20. 20 GENERIC CRITERIA FOR DOSES RECEIVED WITHIN A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME FOR WHICH PROTECTIVE ACTIONS & OTHER RESPONSE ACTIONS ARE EXPECTED TO BE UNDERTAKEN UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES TO AVOID OR TO MINIMIZE SEVERE DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS Acute internal exposure due to an intake (Δ = 30 d) d AD(Δ) red marrow 0.2 Gy for radionuclidesIf the dose has been received: with atomic number Z ≥ 90 e ——Perform immediate medicalexamination, 2 Gy for radionuclidesconsultation & indicated medical treatment with an atomic number Z ≤ 89 e ——Carry out contamination control AD(Δ) thyroid 2 Gy——Carry out immediate decorporation f (if AD(Δ) lung g 30 Gyapplicable) AD(Δ) colon 20 Gy——Carry out registration for longer term medical AD(Δ′) fetus h 0.1 Gyfollow-up ——Provide comprehensive psychological counselling f Decorporation is the action of the biological processes, facilitated by chemical or biological agents, by means of which incorporated radionuclides are removed from the human body. The generic criterion for decorporation is based on the projected dose without decorporation. g For the purposes of these generic criteria, ‘lung’ means the alveolar-interstitial region of the respiratory tract. h For this particular case, ‘Δ′’ means the period of in utero development of the embryo & fetus. TABLE IV.1. Schedule IV

21. Requirement 44:  Assessing the effectiveness of the protective actions & other response actions taken & modifying them as appropriate;  Comparing residual doses with the applicable reference level, giving priority to those groups for whom residual doses exceed the reference level;  Implementing further protection strategies as necessary, on the basis of prevailing conditions & available information. 21

22. 22 GSR-Part 3Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom Preparedness & response for an emergency (Requirement 44) Emergency response (Article 69) Emergency preparedness (Article 98, Annex XI)

23. Requirement 45: EXPOSURE OF EMERGENCY WORKERS Arrangements for controlling the exposure of emergency workers The government shall establish a programme for managing, controlling & recording the doses received in an emergency by emergency workers. 23

24. Requirement 45: EXPOSURE OF EMERGENCY WORKERS The government shall establish a programme for managing, controlling & recording the doses received in an emergency by emergency workers, which shall be implemented by response organizations & employers. The response organization & employers responsible for ensuring compliance with the requirements described below shall be specified in the emergency plan. In an emergency exposure situation, the relevant requirements for occupational exposure in planned exposure situations (paras 3.69–3.116) shall be applied for emergency workers, in accordance with a graded approach, except as required below: 24

25. Requirement 45: Response organizations & employers shall ensure that no emergency worker is subject to an exposure in an emergency in excess of 50 mSv, other than:  For the purposes of saving life or preventing serious injury;  When undertaking actions to prevent severe deterministic effects & actions to prevent the development of catastrophic conditions that could significantly affect people & the environment; or  When undertaking actions to avert a large collective dose. 25

26. Requirement 45: In the exceptional circumstances previously specified, response organizations & employers shall make all reasonable efforts to keep doses to emergency workers below the values set out in Table IV.2 of Schedule IV (p. 373). In addition, emergency workers undertaking actions as a result of which their doses could approach or exceed the values set out in Table IV.2 of Schedule IV shall do so only when the expected benefits to others would clearly outweigh the risks to the emergency workers. 26

27. 27 GUIDANCE VALUES FOR RESTRICTING EXPOSURE OF EMERGENCY WORKERS Tasks Guidance value a Hp(10) b < 500 mSv This value may be exceeded under circumstances in which the expected benefits to others clearly outweigh the emergency Life saving actions worker’s own health risks, & the emergency worker volunteers to take the action & understands & accepts these health risks Actions to prevent severe deterministic effects & actions to prevent the development of catastrophic conditions Hp(10) < 500 mSv that could significantly affect people & the environment Actions to avert a large collective dose Hp(10) < 100 mSv a These values apply only for the dose from external exposure to strongly penetrating radiation. Doses from external exposure to weakly penetrating radiation & from intake or skin contamination need to be prevented by all possible means. If this is not feasible, the effective dose & the equivalent dose to a tissue or organ that are received have to be limited to minimize the health risk to the individual in line with the risk associated with the guidance values given here. b Hp(10) is the personal dose equivalent Hp(d) where d = 10 mm. TABLE IV.2. Schedule IV

28. Requirement 45: Response organizations & employers shall ensure that emergency workers who undertake actions in which the doses received might exceed 50 mSv do so voluntarily 48 ; that they have been clearly & comprehensively informed in advance of the associated health risks, as well as of available measures for protection & safety & that they are, to the extent possible, trained in the actions that they may be required to take. 48 The voluntary basis for actions to be taken by emergency workers is usually covered in emergency arrangements. 28

29. Requirement 45: Response organizations & employers shall take all reasonable steps to assess & record the doses received in an emergency by emergency workers. Information on the doses received & information concerning the associated health risks shall be communicated to the workers involved. Workers who receive doses in an emergency exposure situation shall not normally be precluded from incurring further occupational exposure. However, qualified medical advice shall be obtained before any further occupational exposure, if such a worker has received a dose exceeding 200 mSv or at the request of the worker. 29

30. 30 GSR-Part 3Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom Arrangements for controlling the exposure of emergency workers (Requirement 45) Emergency occupational exposure (Article 53)

31. Requirement 46: TRANSITION FROM AN EMERGENCY EXPOSURE SITUATION TO AN EXISTING EXPOSURE SITUATION Arrangements for the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation The government shall ensure that arrangements are in place & are implemented as appropriate for the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation. 31

32. Requirement 46: TRANSITION FROM AN EMERGENCY EXPOSURE SITUATION TO AN EXISTING EXPOSURE SITUATION The government shall ensure that, as part of its overall emergency preparedness, arrangements are in place for the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation. The arrangements shall take into account that different geographical areas may undergo the transition at different times. 32

33. Requirement 46: The responsible authority shall take the decision to make the transition to an existing exposure situation. The transition shall be made in a coordinated & orderly manner, by making any necessary transfer of responsibilities between organizations, with the involvement of relevant authorities & interested parties. Workers undertaking work such as repairs to plant & buildings or activities for radioactive waste management, or undertaking remedial actions for the decontamination of the site & surrounding areas, shall be subject to the relevant requirements for occupational exposure in planned exposure situations stated in Section 3. 33

34. 34 GSR-Part 3Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom Arrangements for the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation (Requirement 46) Existing exposure situations (Articles 100, 101, 102)

35. 35 Thank you for your attention