1. Optimum Design in Rural Roads Introduction

2. Optimum Design in Rural Roads ….1 Introduction to topic: What is intended to be discussed? Optimum and/or Appropriate?

3. Optimum Design in Rural Roads ….2 Format for discussion: Two parts: - Introduction (current) - Theory and Practice of Optimum Design Format:- Presentation - Discussion: Q & A; Comments / Response - Individual Remarks

4. Optimum Design in Rural Roads ….3 Context of the topic: Professional area of work of the trainees; Relevance of this topic;

5. Optimum Design in Rural Roads ….4 Examples: -Appropriate design -Inappropriate designs -Others

6. Optimum Design in Rural Roads ….5 Standard (DoLIDAR Approach Manual) Other appropriate parameters: Steep gradient,> 7% -- gravel Mild gradient < 5% -- provide earthen drain Passing zone: 60 m long every 200- 500m Stages of upgradation Choice of structure type: masonry, cross drainage, pavement type …. Individual Written Remarks on above Any open comment on the basis of your practical experience

7. Optimum Design in Rural Roads Theory & Practice of Optimum Design

8. Optimum Design in Rural Roads…. 1 What is “design”? Response from participants Definition: A construct, mental picture, a dream of what the object would be like. Has shape, size, material content, indicates how to create it.

9. Optimum Design in Rural Roads…. 2 Examples of inappropriate design RR standards in practice: - narrower width, high gradient, over-size side drains, cross drains (culvert/bridge), radius of curvature, gradient in loop etc. Laying hume pipes Stone soling/Dry wall/Gabion wall

10. Optimum Design in Rural Roads…. 3 What is “optimum’ or “appropriate”? Judging is difficult …. Factors….. Define. Economy Choice of Technology Standards Social Construction etc.

11. Optimum Design in Rural Roads…. 4 Rural Road Standards: an example Discussion on Individual Responses

12. Optimum Design in Rural Roads…. 5 Individual Remarks: On any ideas discussed under Optimum Design Did you benefit, How? How will you make use of the ideas discussed, example?

13. Environment Assessment of Rural Road Construction and Maintenance

14. 2. Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and its Regulation

15. “Initial Environmental Examination”

16. Environmental Impact Assessment

17. Means a report on detailed study and evaluation to be prepared to ascertain as to whether, in implementing a proposal, the proposal does have significant adverse impacts on the environment or not, whether such impacts could be avoided or mitigated by any means or not.

18. 5. To Submit Proposal for Approval

19. 18. Punishment

20. Typical Design Drawings Typical Road Sections, Plan & Profile of Roads -

21. Typical Design Drawings Typical Road Sections, Plan & Profile of Roads - Typical Road Sections - Plan & Profile of Roads Pipe Culverts - Pipe Culvert at Tarai - Pipe Culvert at Hill - Pipe Culvert for Irrigation Purpose

22. Typical Design Drawings Typical Road Sections, Plan & Profile of Roads - Typical Road Sections - Plan & Profile of Roads Pipe Culverts - Pipe Culvert at Tarai - Pipe Culvert at Hill - Pipe Culvert for Irrigation Purpose

23. Continued…. Causeways - Dry Stone Causeway - Concrete Causeway - Vented Causeways Slab Culvert Side Drains - Earthen/Dry RRM/RRM in CSM Sub-Surface Drain

24. Rural Transport Planning General Approach – Central/Local Rural Road Planning & Project Preparation Socio-economic & Technical Consideration Environmental &Social Consideration Prepare DTMP/update

25. Rural Roads Planning 1.Prepare/Update DTMP 2.Prepare Road Sector Program 3.Prepare Sub-project Proposal 4.Review/Appraisal of the Proposal 5.Detailed Project Preparation

26. Alignment Selection for Rural Roads 1.Low cost 2.Geometric Standards 3.Safety of the Road 4.Safety of the locality 5.Environmentally sound 6.Aesthetics and harmony

27. Selection of General Route & Surveying 1.Reconnaissance Survey 2.Preliminary Survey 3.Determination of Centre Line 4.Final Location Survey

28. Alignment Selection for Rural Roads 1.Low cost 2.Geometric Standards 3.Safety of the Road 4.Safety of the locality 5.Environmentally sound 6.Aesthetics and harmony

29. Water management in Rural Roads ….. 4 Discussion on some specific issue: Planning, alignment location and design: local water characteristics; obstruction to natural drainage lines; facing of the slope; local consideration for parameters and specification in design; vegetation; Type of drainage structure: purpose and economy; transparencies on scour check, vented causeway or drift Size of drainage structure: run-off formula; Maintenance: local water users