1. Conscience
Christian Ed 10

2. In Latin… The root meaning of conscience is “with knowledge.”
Therefore, conscience refers to an action based on knowledge, or judgment.

3. 3 Dimensions of Conscience
Awareness of Right and Wrong - educated and instructed in moral truths
Discernment - thinking and praying about what is the right thing to do - inward reflection
Judgment - making the rational and right choice - may not always be correct but you learn from mistakes - conscience grows and becomes further informed

4. Types of Conscience Lax Conscience Erroneous Conscience
When a person does not employ a process of conscientious decision making – not thinking about the morality of actions that he/she performs
Erroneous Conscience
When a person follows a process of conscientious decision making but makes a wrong choice.
Informed Conscience
A conscience that is educated and developed through constant use and examination

5. Belief, Truth, & Knowledge
The Challenge of Skepticism

6. Beliefs
Beliefs are your map of reality - they are the lenses through which you perceive the world.
your beliefs are the most important part about you
beliefs have started wars, bridged communities, ended slavery, and so forth

7. Which centre circle is bigger?

8. What do you see?

9. Beliefs We all see things differently - especially morality
Senses can deceive us and lead us astray
Beliefs + Desires = Actions
Problem: there is such thing as False Belief
we want our beliefs to be true - connect us to reality
Philosophers have encouraged us to therefore examine our beliefs

10. List 5 things that you truly believe about reality/life/the world etc.
What do you believe?

11. But what if….?

12. What if
The universe was created five minutes ago? (five minute hypothesis-Bertrand Russell)
This is all a dream? (Descartes)

13. Belief Conservation
principle of inflicting the least damage upon one’s already held framework of beliefs
For any proposition, P: If
Taking a certain cognitive stance toward P (for example, believing it, rejecting it, or withholding judgment) would require rejecting or doubting a vast number of your current beliefs,
You have no independent positive reason to reject or doubt all those other beliefs, and
You have no compelling reason to take up that cognitive stance toward P,
…then it is more rational for you not to take that cognitive stance toward P.
If we believe that the universe began, (with fake fossils and memories etc) 5 minutes ago, we have to throw out many of our other beliefs. (With no proof positive that the universe was actually created five minutes ago) We have not independent reason which tells us to deny all of those beliefs. What if we were to remain unsure? We would have to remain unsure about many of our other previously held beliefs. We have no independent reason to become agnostic towards all of these other beliefs. So it is not rational to take up the belief of the 5 minute hypothesis. (Or the dream hypothesis)

14. Knowledge Knowledge is an attainment concept
Ex: In basketball we shoot in order to score. Shooting is the activity; Scoring is the attainment intended
In life, we believe in order to know. Believing is the activity; Knowledge the intended attainment
Knowledge = Properly Justified True Belief
You cannot know something unless you truly believe it.
Belief alone isn’t sufficient for knowledge - you can’t believe something that is false either.

15. Truth Truth is our anchor in the world.
believing a truth is like hitting the target whereas a falsehood is like missing the mark
How do we find truth? With Reason.
Reason connects us to reality and as we will see there are two different ways of reasoning - Empiricism & Rationalism

16. Relativism
The Philosophy of Relativism claims that all so-called truth is relative - no absolute truth
Very seductive because it can often serve as a very persuasive excuse for very bad behaviour

17. Skepticism, the foundation of Relativism
Skepticism is based on the attitude of doubt.
True knowledge is uncertain, therefore there is no absolute truth.
Religions (not God) determine right & wrong and all concepts of right & wrong are invented by humans.
Better to use inquiry - all questions lead to discovery.
“Doubt is the vestibule which all must pass, before they can enter into the temple of truth.”
Charles Caleb Colton

18. Empiricism
Empiricists believe that all knowledge is attained through sensory experience.
(Think – empirical data)
What is the problem with this idea?
Things that cannot be experienced by the senses cannot exist
Senses can be wrong/mislead us
Things that cannot be experienced by the senses cannot exist
Senses can be wrong/mislead us

19. Rationalism Belief is inevitable in human life and it is Rational.
Rationalists believe that all knowledge is rooted in reason.
Rationalist statements are true without the use of senses. (If A is greater than B, and B is greater than C, then A is great than C)
Cause and Effect - (yes remember Aquinas) - rock hitting window - we don’t see the cause yet we believe it happened.

20. Back to: Belief, Knowledge and Truth
We believe that humans have the ability to form their conscience according to moral principles of right and wrong, which will then lead them to make rational reasonable judgments.
At the foundation of this is the belief that:
We are rational beings.
We have the ability to reason.
We have the ability to make decisions freely.
There is such a thing as right and wrong.
We have the ability to know what is right and wrong.
It is better to do what is right rather than what is wrong.

21. Let’s Practice! all knowledge is rooted in sensory experience.
Rationalism ____
Skepticism ____
Empiricism ____
Moral Relativism ____
all knowledge is rooted in sensory experience.
all knowledge is rooted in reason and cause and effect.
a philosophy of doubt.
a philosophy which claims there is no absolute truth.

22. Why does this all matter?
Conscience is formed and developed based on our beliefs.