1. Duplicate Submission: Journal Roles and Responsibilities Diane M. Sullenberger Executive Editor, PNAS

2. Role of Journal and Editor Journal Mission—broadly disseminate results of original research of exceptional importance Role of the Editor—ensure high quality content Responsibility of Editor—define and implement journal’s ethical standards, maintain journal quality, identify problems, take corrective action

3. What is Duplicate Submission? Submitting manuscripts describing essentially the same research to more than one peer-reviewed/primary research journal When two or more papers, without full cross reference, share the same hypothesis, data, discussion points, or conclusions

4. Author Responsibility On submission, inform the editor of related manuscripts in press or submitted for publication elsewhere Provide copies Indicate relationships Cite previously published work Obtain permissions to use prior work

5. What is Acceptable Overlap? Disclose and cite Complete report following publication of a preliminary report, such as an abstract, poster, presentation at a scientific meeting, letter, or communication Policy statement, government report Different language work

6. What is Acceptable Overlap? Journals with different audiences Press reports Preprint servers Papers posted on home page/website Webcasts

7. Extent of Problem: PNAS From 1995-2003, 8 PNAS cases: 2 = double publication involving symposium papers 2 = double publication 4 = double submission

9. “Journals: redundant publications are bad news” Jiang et. al Nature 16 January 2003, vol. 241, p. 209 Matched title and authors of 22,433 articles in 70 journals from 1997-2000 Duplicate-detection algorithm Estimate 1.4% redundant 32 journals involved Estimate 1092 authors involved Conclusions identical in 88.3% of cases

10. Impact Inflate scientific literature Waste resources Damage journal reputation Mislead—distort importance, imply replication Overestimate drug efficacy and safety Flaw meta-analysis Inflate bibliography Violate copyright laws Violate ethical conduct rules Erode integrity of research and public trust

11. Journal Actions 1.Cite journal policy and ask authors to explain 2.Letter of reprimand and warning 3.Publish notice of redundant publication 4.Refuse to accept submissions 5.Withdraw or retract paper 6.Letter to the institution or funder(s) 7.Editorial giving details of misconduct 8.Report case to ORI or other authority

12. For Discussion 1.How prevalent is duplicate submission? 2.For duplicate submission, is rejection enough? 3.What percent overlap is unacceptable? 4.What can editors do to detect/prevent? 5.How can editors work together? 6.When is it misconduct or plagiarism? 7.What changes in the academic reward system are needed? 8.Should there be departmental review prior to submission? 9.How can science publishing ethics be taught?

13. For Discussion 8.What author explanations are acceptable? 9.When is a warning enough? 10.Should all authors be sanctioned? 11.Should all journals publish notices? 12.What changes in standards for proceedings/symposia are needed?