1. Photo Manipulation in the Media By: Aubrey Cornwell, Sallee Ann Ruibal, Patrick Wiley and Jesse King

2. New York Daily News http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2013/apr/18/colin-myler-boston-marathon-explosions

3. The Original http://www.fourandsix.com/photo-tampering-history/?currentPage=18

4. http://static.deathandtaxesmag.com/uploads/2013/04/nydn-photo.png What was edited?

5. Why did they do it? "The Daily News edited that photo out of sensitivity to the victims, the families and the survivors. There were far more gory photos that the paper chose not to run, and frankly I think the rest of the media should have been as sensitive as the Daily News.” -Ken Frydman of Source Communications http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2013/apr/18/colin-myler-boston-marathon-explosions

6. What the NPPA has to say: "Editing should maintain the integrity of the photographic images' content and context. Do not manipulate images or add or alter sound in any way that can mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects.” -The National Press Photographers Association https://nppa.org/code_of_ethics

7. Manipulation since the beginning of photography http://www.fourandsix.com/photo-tampering-history/

8. Manipulation since the beginning of photography http://www.fourandsix.com/photo-tampering-history/

9. Manipulation since the beginning of photography http://www.fourandsix.com/photo-tampering-history/

10. Adding to Photographs http://www.fourandsix.com/photo-tampering-history/

11. Subtracting from Photographs http://www.fourandsix.com/photo-tampering-history/tag/photojournalism-ethics?currentPage=2

12. Combining Photographs http://www.fourandsix.com/photo-tampering-history/

13. “This week’s cover image is clearly credited on the table of contents page, naming both the photographer of the Reagan photo and the illustrator of the tear.” –Time Magazine Adding Illustrations http://www.fourandsix.com/photo-tampering-history/

14. Which picture is the origina l "The expressionist photo is … a brief, live and true expression of the prominent stance of President Mubarak in the Palestinian issue, his unique role in leading it before Washington or any other," -Al-Ahram newspaper editor-in chief, Osama Saraya

15. Which picture is the origina l The Sun decided that the local man in civilian dress directing the craft looked incongruous, so airbrushed him out. While his body and head were successfully removed, the photo editors forgot to erase one of his leg, which was left dangling at the back of the boat.

16. Which picture is the origina l USA Today claims this photo was a “properly adjusted copy”. “Photos published online are routinely cropped for size and adjusted for brightness and sharpness to optimize their appearance.”

17. Potential Resolutions Follow the NPPA Code of Ethics –Be accurate and comprehensive in the representation of subjects. –Editing should maintain the integrity of the photographic images' content and context. Do not manipulate images or add or alter sound in any way that can mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects. If a photo does not fit your needs, find a different photo.

18. Ramifications for Journalism Study conducted by UC Irvine psychologist Elizabeth Loftus and conducted by University of Padua researchers Franca Agnoli and Dario Sacchi. 299 participants viewed either original or digitally altered images depicting the 1989 Tiananmen Square protest and a 2003 anti-war protest in Rome Participants answered questions about the events, including the number of people they thought had been involved, the response of law enforcement authorities and the level of violence Results: viewing the digitally altered images affected the way participants remembered the events, as well as their attitudes toward protests.

19. “Any media that employ digitally doctored photographs will have a stronger effect than merely influencing our opinion — by tampering with our malleable memory, they may ultimately change the way we recall history” –University of Padua researcher Dario Sacchi Ramifications for Journalism

20. What do other photojournalists have to say? “What was in the scene before it became a photograph? Keep it that way and enhance the detail, the color, and whatever else. But once you've gone past the reasonable threshold and entered details that hadn't previously existed, then you are unethical. The point is to prove an occurrence, and professionals can easily detect when your image is lying about what happened…” –Jon McAllister, Assistant Photo Editor at The Lantern “The goal of a photojournalist when regarding photo manipulation should be to allow an audience to see something better, NOT differently. Not to say that creative and innovative photos are discouraged, but photo manipulation becomes unethical when you are implying that certain details of reality were not there or didn't happen, regardless of how much you think it pertains to the story. Your job is to depict reality. It is, however, completely ethical to brighten and sharpen photos to help show something more clearly.” –Mark Batke, Photo Editor at The Lantern