1. Water Resources Planning and Management
Water Availability
Water Resources Planning and Management
Daene C. McKinney

2. Global Water Resources
Only this portion is renewable
saline (salt) water: 10 to 100g/L (34g/L)
brackish water: 1 to 10g/L (treatable)
Fresh water: <1g/L (drinkable)

3. Principal sources of fresh water for human activities
Global Water Cycle
Principal sources of fresh water for human activities
(44,800 km3/yr)

4. Global Water Availability

5. The Importance of Water
Human / Environmental Health
Dignity / Gender Equity
Economic Growth / Poverty Reduction
Environment and Ecosystem Services
Food Security / Crops and Fisheries
Energy Generation / Flood Control
Conflict Prevention and Mitigation
Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010

6. Population and Water Use
global freshwater use is ~4000 km3/year
~10% of the renewable supply (44,800km3/year)

7. Water Cycle Diagram Global Water Security – an engineering perspective
The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2010

8. Global Water Withdrawal

9. Global Water Withdrawals
World Water Assessment Programme The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World. Paris: UNESCO, and London: Earthscan

10. Global Water Use

11. Water Use by Sector
World Water Assessment Programme The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World. Paris: UNESCO, and London: Earthscan

12. Water Supply and Sanitation
1.1 billion people lacked access to improved water sources (17% of global population)
Nearly two thirds live in Asia (733 million people)
42% of Sub-Saharan Africa is without improved water
Sanitation (2002)
2.6 billion people lacked access to improved sanitation (42% of global population)
Over half of those live in China + India (~ 1.5 billion people)
64% of Sub-Saharan Africa without sanitation coverage
69% of rural dwellers in developing countries without access to improved sanitation (27% for urban dwellers)

13. Access to Safe Water
2009: 800 million people lacked access to an “improved” water sources.
Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010

14. Access to Sanitation
2009: more than 2 billion people lacked access to basic sanitation facilities
Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010

15. Water Supply and Sanitation
Diarrhea (2004)
1.8 million people die every year from diarrheal diseases (including cholera)
90% are children under 5 in developing countries
88% of diarrheal disease is attributed to unsafe water supply, inadequate sanitation and hygiene
Improved access to water supply and sanitation can reduce diarrhea morbidity by more than 1 million per year

16. Diarrhea is the Second Leading Cause of Death in Children Worldwide
2008: Nearly 1.8 million children under the age of 5 died from diarrhea.
This can be reduced by 30-40%.
Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010

17. Poverty and Development
Two thirds of the 884 million people (2009) without access to safe drinking water live on less than $2 per day.
The urban poor population is large and growing rapidly. Half of urban residents live in slums where the no formal access to water or sanitation is typical.
> 1 billion people live in extreme poverty (< $1 a day)

18. Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
World Water Assessment Programme The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World. Paris: UNESCO, and London: Earthscan

19. Water, Sanitation & Poverty
World Water Assessment Programme
The United Nations World Water Development Report 3:
Water in a Changing World. Paris: UNESCO, and London: Earthscan

20. Domestic Water Use Survival = 5 L/day
Drinking, cooking, bathing, and sanitation = 50 L
United States = 250 to 300 L
Netherlands = 104 L
Somalia = 9 L
* L/c/d = liters per person per day

21. Water Stress Index Based on human consumption Domestic requirement:
linked to population growth
Domestic requirement:
About 100 L/c/d = 40 m3/c/yr
Associated agricultural, industrial & energy need:
About 20 x 40 m3/c/yr = 800 m3/c/yr
Total need:
840 m3/c/yr
About 1000 m3/c/yr

22. Water Stress Index Water availability below 1,000 m3/c/yr
chronic water related problems impeding development and harming human health
Water sufficiency: >1700 m3/c/yr
Water stress: <1700 m3/c/yr
Water scarcity: <1000 m3/c/yr

23. Water Scarcity (2008)
In 2008, over 1.54 billion people suffered from water stress
Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010

24. Water Scarcity (2030)
By 2030, 3.3 billion people will live “water stress” conditions
Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010

25. Water Availability - USA
Area mln km2
Population 304 mln, 2008
Water Resources (bln m3/yr)
Water Availability (1000 m3/yr)
Trans-boundary
Local
Total
per km2
per capita
Minimum
107
2058
2165
231 7
Average
148
2930
3078
329 10
Maximum
178
3864
4042
432 13
From: Shiklomanov

26. Water Availability - USA

27. Water Use - USA 

28. Trends

29. Trends

30. Texas River Basins

31. Texas Aquifers

32. Texas Water Planning Regions

33. Texas Regional Water Planning
State Water Plan provides for development, management, and conservation of water resources and preparation for and response to drought conditions, in order that sufficient water will be available at a reasonable cost to ensure public health, safety, and welfare; further economic development; and protect the agricultural and natural resources of the entire state
Steps:
Describe the regional water planning area.
Quantify current and projected population and water demand
Evaluate and quantify current water supplies
Identify surpluses and needs
Evaluate water management strategies and prepare plans to meet the needs
Recommend regulatory, administrative, and legislative changes; and
Adopt the plan, including the required level of public participation.

34. Texas Water Demand

35. Capital Cost ($ billion)
Total = $173 Billion

36. Texas Senate Bill 1 (1997)
SB-1 Directed TCEQ to develop Water Availability Models (WAM)
Water Availability Models
Determine how much water is available to meet existing or permit new water rights
Assess availability and reliability (volume and time) based on simulating river management and water allocation using historic, naturalized flows, prior appropriation water rights, and institutional policies of water allocation and reservoir storage
Provide consistent set of planning tools and data sets for water planning in all 23 Tx basins
Regional planning and processing of new water permits
Simulation model: WRAP, data sets developed in ArcHydro

37. Texas Water Use Permits
Any change in water use requires new assessment
22 River Basins - Permits approved if
Unappropriated water is available,
A beneficial use is established
Water conservation will be practiced
Existing water rights are not impaired, and
Water use is not detrimental to public welfare.
23rd Basin - Rio Grande
Over appropriated for many years
No new rights for additional water use being granted
Rights are commonly transferred between users

38. WRAP Model Simulate any of the 23 Texas basins
Compute ability to meet water demands under potential scenarios
Inputs:
Flows, demands, parameters, losses, infrastructure, operating rules, control points
Control Points:
Reservoirs, diversions, return flows, hydropower plants, environmental flow points, other system control locations
Compute at each control point:
Naturalized flow - No basin development
Regulated flow - Full water rights
Unappropriated flow - Available for new permit
Scenarios
Authorized use: Full water rights demanded, no return flows, used to approve new permit applications
Current use: Actual historic water use demended, return flows included, used to determine cancellation of permits for non-use

39. WRAP Model: Structure & Inputs

40. WRAP Model: Results