1. Water and Water Pollution

2. How is the Earth’s Water Distributed?

3. How does this freshwater flow across the surface of the earth?

4. Surface Water
Water that is aboveground in lakes, rivers, ponds, rivers and streams.
Where does the water come from to fill these???????

5. The Water Cycle
The continuous movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean.

7. Parts of a River System

8. Continental divide of the United States
River systems are divided into regions called watersheds or drainage basins
This is the area of land that is drained by a water system.
River systems are seperated from each other by areas of higher ground called a divide.

9. Drainage of river systems

10. NC Watersheds (River Basins)

11. Fact…..
55% of North Carolina residents get there “potable” water (drinking water or usable water) from surface waters.
Surface water – any water aboveground such as rivers and lakes
Why do the rest of them get there water from?

12. Groundwater Water located within the rocks underground
Enters ground by precipitation infiltrating or percolating down through the soil and rock
Where water enters the ground is called the “recharge zone”.

13. Zones of aeration and saturation

14. Underground area is divided into zones
Zone of aeration – upper zone, this is the area that the rainwater passes through (Acts as a filter …. Removes impurities from water)
Zone of saturation – lower zone, water collects here and fills the spaces between the rock particles with water.
Water table – boundary where the two zones meet

15. Water table
The water table can rise and fall based on the amount rainfall.
It will lower during a drought and rise during periods of heavy rain.

16. Aquifers
A rock layer that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater.
Consist of rocks, sand and gravel with a lot of air spaces in which water can accumulate.
What determines if a rock or sediment is capable of storing water?

17. Porosity
The percentage of open space (or pores) between individual rock particles in a rock layer.

18. Porosity is influenced by ..
The different sizes of the particles in the rock layer.
In other words, if you mix sand and gravel, the sand would fill in the spaces between the gravel; therefore, there would be less open space between the grains. Meaning less space to hold water !

19. Permeablity The ability to let water pass through.
If the pores of a rock layer are connected, groundwater can flow through the rock layer.
A rock that stops the flow of water is impermeable.

20. What causes a spring or lake?

21. Well Drilling Rig

22. How a well is placed

23. Freshwater Issues

24. Rivers of controversy Rights to rivers water can cause conflict:
Example: Arizona and California fight over the rights to the Colorado River

25. Middle East Water Conflicts
Turkey is building dams that will severely reduce the amount of water that will flow into Syria and Iraq

26. Groundwater Issues Aquifers are running dry.
People are pulling more water out of the ground than is being put in.
Urbanization is causing a loss of recharge zones for groundwater aquifers …… ex. Parking lots, houses, malls, are being built on top of areas where rainfall enters the ground

27. Possible Solutions ?
Desalinization – process of removing the salt from ocean water and creating fresh water
Nearly all of the drinking water in Saudia Arabia comes from this process.
Drawbacks????? – EXPENSIVE

28. Best Solution Water Conservation Take showers not baths
Don’t run water while brushing teeth, etc….
Water lawns in the evening to prevent water loss from evaporation
Etc….

29. Fresh Water Pollution

30. Water Pollution
The introduction of chemical, physical, or biological agents into water that degrades the quality of the water and affects the organisms that depend on it.
2 main causes:
Industrialization
Human population explosion

31. Major Categories of Water Pollutants

32. Infectious Agents
Examples: Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms
Major Human Sources: Human and animal waste
Harmful effects: Disease

33. Oxygen-Demanding Waste
Examples: Organic waste (animal manure and plant debris)
Major Human Sources: sewage, animal feedlots, paper mills, and food processing facilities
Harmful Effects: Depletes oxygen in water causing fish and aquatic to die

34. Inorganic Chemicals
Examples: water soluble acids, compounds of toxic metals (lead, arsenic, seleium) and salts
Major Human Sources: Surface runoff, industrial effluents and household cleaners
Harmful Effects:
makes water unusable for drinking or irrigation
cause skin cancers and crippling spinal and neck damage
damage to nervous system, liver, and kidneys
Lower crop yields
Accelerate corrosion of metals exposed to such water

35. Organic Chemicals
Examples: oil, gasoline, plastics, cleaning solutions, detergents
Major Human Sources: Industrial effluents, household cleaners, surface runoff from farms and yards
Harmful Effects:
Nervous system damage (some pesticides)
Reproductive disorders (some solvents)
Cancers (gas, oil, and some solvents)
Harm fish and wildlife

36. Plant Nutrients
Examples: nitates, phosphates, and ammonium (FERTILIZERS)
Major Human Sources: Sewage, manure, runoff of agricultural and urban fertilizers
Harmful Effects:
Excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants causing fish to suffocate and die
Drinking can kill unborn children and infants (“blue-baby syndrome”)

37. Sediment Examples: soil, silt Major Human Souces: land erosion
Harmful Effects:
Cloud water and prohibit photosynthesis
Disrupt aquatic food webs
Carry pesticides, bacteria, and other harmful substances
Clog and fill lakes

38. Radioactive Materials
Examples: radioactive isotopes of iodine, radon, uranium, cesium, and thorium
Major Human Sources: nuclear power plants, mining and processing of uranium, nuclear weapons production
Harmful Effects:
Genetic mutations
Miscarriages
Birth defects
Certain cancers

39. Heat (Thermal Pollution)
Examples: excessive heat
Major Human Sources: Water cooling of electric power plants (half of all water withdrawn in US is for cooling these plants)
Harmful Effects: Lowers dissolved oxygen levels and makes aquatic organisms more vulnerable to disease, parasites, and toxic chemicals

40. Diseases Transmitted Through Contaminated Drinking Water

41. Bacteria Typhoid fever Diarrhea Severe vomitting Enlarged spleen
Inflamed intestine
Often fatal if untreated

42. Cholrea Diarrhea Severe vomiting Dehydration
Often fatal if left untreated

43. Bacterial Dysentery Diarrhea
Rarely fatal except in infants without proper

44. Enteritis
Severe stomach pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Rarely fatal

45. Virus – Infectious Hepatitis
Fever
Severe headache
Loss of appetite
Abdominal pain
Jaundice
Enlarged liver
Can cause permanent liver damage

46. Parasite – Amoebic Dysentery
Severe diarrhea
Headache
Abdominal pain
Chills
Fever
Can cause death

47. Giardiasis
Diarrhea
Abdominal cramps
Flatulence
Belching
Fatigue

48. Parasitic Worms - Schistosomiasis
Abdominal pain
Skin rash
Anemia
Chronic fatigue
Chronic general ill health

49. Types of Pollution
Point source pollution – pollution that comes from a single source
Such as: a factory, a wastewater treatment plant, or an oil tanker

50. Types of Pollution
Non-point source pollution – comes from many sources
Such as: streets, lawns, farms, highways, etc….

51. Stormwater Runoff
When it rains runoff picks up pollutants from the surface and transports them to our waterways
2/3 of all pollutants to NC’s water is from this

52. Your Assignment Log on to Angel/Lessons/Earth’s Water’s
North Carolina Water Pollution iMovie
Your group create an iMovie to teach the class a section of the effects of Stormwater Pollution