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VMP 920 Infection & Immunity II Veterinary Parasitology Protozoa
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Giardia sp. Cyst Infectious form Trophozoite Active form
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Replication leads to Pathology Replication (binary fission) Giardia sp.
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Life Cycle Cysts are immediately infectious when passed in feces.
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Pathology Giardia causes irritation / death of epithelial cells, elicits immune reaction Giardia & Host Immune factors contribute to pathology Mal-digestion, mal-absorption, hypersecretion, increased transit => enteritis & diarrhea
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Clinical Signs & Diagnosis Trophs in diarrhea direct fecal Cysts in formed stool fecal float (zinc sulfate) ELISA tests for Giardia antigen in stool
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Diagnostics Direct fecal --- Positive: Trophozoite (Active form) ELISA Test --- Positive http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aF06jlbcF8E
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Diagnostics Fecal Float --- Positive: Cyst (Infectious form) ELISA Test --- Positive
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Treatment & Control Fenbendazole, Albendazole, Metronidazole, Quinacrine Sanitation - remove cysts from environment
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Challenge to Control Sanitation (especially since cysts are infectious as soon as they are passed in feces)
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Eimeria sp. Sporulation Non-infectious Un-sporulated oocyst Infectious Sporulated oocyst hours to days
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Eimeria sp. Sporozoite, Merozoite (Meront) Active Pathogenic form
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Life Cycle Life cycle image
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Pathology Coccidea pathology slide
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Pathology Destruction of host cells Hemorrhagic diarrhea Concomitant infections (bacterial, viral) may play a role.
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Pathology & Immunity Interplay of acquired immunity & initial dose of infection affects the severity of pathology. Which is more likely to show disease? A. Confinement poultry B. Free-range poultry
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Clinical Signs & Diagnosis Asymptomatic to fatal hemorrhagic diarrhea Initial Pathology may occur prior to oocyst shedding Oocysts fecal float Prior stress may cause onset of coccidial diarrhea
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Treatment & Control Treat symptoms (supportive therapy) Sanitation = clean oocysts from environment Coccidiostats in production animals Acquired or incomplete immunity for some coccidial species (vaccine research)
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Challenge to Control Sanitation (Assume infection => coccidiostats)
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Babesia sp. Troph in RBC Intracellular form
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Life Cycle Life cycle image Other routes of Transmission: Transplacental & Transfusion Transmission in Tick population: Transovarian & Transstadial
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Pathology Destruction of host RBC’s anemia Acute DZ death Or Chronic illness
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Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia, icterus, fever, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy
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Clinical Signs & Diagnosis Hemolytic anemia, fever, jaundice, listlessness, anorexia, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, etc. Intra-erythrocytic parasites on blood smear Serology; PCR
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Treatment & Control Imidocarb, Berenil Pest Control --- Ticks
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Challenges to Control Pest control (tick vectors) – Transstadial & Transovarian “Sanitation” - Transfusion Assume infection - Transplacental
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