1. Integrating Concepts in Biology PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 15: Cells at the Ecological System Level Section 15.1: Can parasites survive in more than one host species? 15.2 How do diseases spread? 15.3 What causes phytoplankton to produce a red tide? Ethical, Legal, Social Implications 15.1: Should we seed the ocean with iron to increase productivity and create a carbon sink? Bio-Math Exploration 15.1: What happens to populations that grow too fast? 15.4 How are soil microbes involved in nutrient cycling? by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and Chris Paradise

2. Red tide off the coast of Washington State Figure UN15.1

3. Giardia lambla cells Figure 15.1

4. Prevalence of diarrhea and Giardia in a human population Table 15.1 a. # with diarrhea/# tested # with Giardia/# tested day-care with outbreak44/6926/48 day-care with no outbreak 14/4911/36 surrounding community 7/481/42 b. Giardia (+) family members Giardia (-) family members Giardia (+) child515 Giardia (-) child020

5. Percentage of clinical symptoms in children tested for Giardia Table 15.2 Symptom Giardia (+) children (n=12) Giardia (-) children (n=67) p-value Diarrhea5827<0.04 diarrhea for > 10 days335<0.01 Flatulence253<0.05 Fever179>0.05 Vomiting89>0.05 Cramps83>0.05 weight loss83>0.05 Nausea06>0.05 diarrhea with blood or mucus 04>0.05

6. Percentage of children in day-care centers with Giardia cysts and trophozoites. Figure 15.2

7. Giardia infection in rats Figure 15.3

8. Distribution of Giardia lamblia cell types in gerbils in four sections of the intestines Figure 15.4

9. New cases of Giardia among a group of campers Figure 15.5

10. Summary data from campers suffering from diarrheal outbreak Table 15.3 symptom% of ill campers positive for Giardia78.7 positive for bacterial pathogens0 diarrhea85.3 bloating, belching or flatulence97.1 nausea79.4 weight loss55.9 abdominal cramps44.1 loss of appetite41.2 vomiting23.5 fever0

11. Prevalence of Giardia in beaver and nutria captured in east Texas Figure 15.6

12. A schematic representation of the SARS coronavirus Figure 15.7

13. SARS outbreaks in Guangdong Province, China between 11/2002 and 2/2003 Figure 15.8

14. Antibodies against coronavirus in SARS and control patients Table 15.4 patient condition positive for antibodies against SARS coronavirus atypical pneumonia paired samples 5-12 days apart (n=22) 20 (91%) atypical pneumonia single samples (n=33)28 (85%) healthy adults (n=60)0

15. Animal species tested for presence of SARS coronavirus Figure 15.9

16. Humans testing positive for antibodies against SARS coronavirus isolated from a palm civet Table 15.5 human population % testing positive for SARS coronavirus antibody wild animal traders (n = 20)40 butchers (n = 15)20 vegetable retailers (n = 20)5

17. Species that tested positive for human SARS coronavirus Figure 15.10

18. Phylogenetic analysis of spike gene sequence of coronaviruses Figure 15.11

19. Nucleotide differences in the spike gene among coronaviruses isolated from animals in a southern Chinese market and from human SARS patients Table 15.6

20. SARS cases by week of onset Figure 15.12

21. Location of data collection stations along the coast of the Yellow Sea Figure 15.13

22. Nutrient concentrations of water sources and nutrient inputs into coastal Yellow Sea habitats Figure 15.14

23. Percentage of total toxic algal bloom events that occurred in each month Figure 15.15

24. Harmful algal blooms in Chinese coastal waters Figure 15.16

25. Environmental parameters measured during maximum bloom of A. minutum over three years in an estuary Figure 15.17

26. Changes in cell densities of A. minutum during algal bloom in an estuary Figure 15.18

27. Concentrations and uptake rates of nutrients before, during, and after a bloom of A. minutum Figure 15.19

28. Daily surface irradiance and % PAR at 1 m depth before, during, & after A. minutum bloom Figure 15.20

29. Bio-Math Exploration 15.1: What happens to populations that grow too fast? IQs 15.1a: Assuming an initial population of P 0 algae, write the equation for the number of algae after one hour, if the population triples each day. What if the population increases by 30%, or 350%, per day? How would your equations change if you had P t algae on day t, and wanted to know the number of algae on day t+1? 15.1b: Examine the behavior of the population with the default value of r = 1. What does this value of r mean is happening to the population each day? Can you identify this graph as modeling a type of growth you have seen before? 15.1c: Experiment with different values of r greater than 1 to see if you can produce population growth patterns that are similar to algal tides. What other patterns do you observe as r increases?

30. % mortality of different species in response to exposure to cells of one of two dinoflagellates at different concentrations Figure 15.21

31. Documented occurrences of paralytic shellfish poisonings associated with algal blooms Figure 15.22

32. Sampling locations for A. fundyense and shellfish toxicity Figure 15.23

33. Density of Alexandrium cells and shellfish toxicity scores for annual surveys Figure 15.24

34. Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications Box 15.1 Should we seed the ocean with iron to increase productivity and create a carbon sink? IQs Should humans consider this as a legitimate mitigation strategy? Argue for or against iron fertilization of oceans, based on science, as well as the projected ethical, environmental and social impacts. If humans employ this strategy, who should be allowed to do it? Should it be considered a for-profit enterprise?

35. Experimental design of nitrogen study Figure 15.25

36. Nitrogen content of aboveground portions of crops Figure 15.26

37. Source of nitrogen for three crops Table 15.7 Variablefaba beanpeabarley total nitrogen content113.3107.956.6 nitrogen fixation93.773.40 soil nitrogen used29.634.556.6 nitrogen conservation23.418.5--

38. Soil N used and returned in three initial crops and total N in harvested sorghum plants Table 15.8 Treatment Soil N used N returned via roots N returned via stalks Total N in sorghum faba bean roots29.611.3--82.4 faba bean roots + stalks 29.611.377.168.7 pea roots34.510.8--74.5 pea roots + stalks34.510.822.768.4 barley roots53.05.7--41.3 barley roots + stalks 53.05.729.251.8

39. Root nodules on peanut Figure 15.27

40. Structure of legume nodules Figure 15.28

41. Nitrogen content of chickpea shoots grown hydroponically Figure 15.29

42. Response of chickpeas to two fertilizer conditions or rhizobia inoculation Figure 15.30

43. The nitrogen cycle Figure 15.31

44. Accumulation of nitrite in bacterial cultures provided with ammonium sulfate Figure 15.32