1. Nawal Raja Marianne Estrada Angelica Bengochea Period 0
Digestive System
Nawal Raja
Marianne Estrada
Angelica Bengochea
Period 0

2. Common Symptoms of Digestive System Disorders
Pain
Nausea
Dyspepsia (Indigestion)
Anorexia (Loss of Appetite)
Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing)
Diarrhea
Constipation
Bleeding from Digestive Tract

3. Questions to ask during a Patient History
When did you first notice the pain?
What makes the pain better or worse?
Where do you feel the pain?

4. Physical Examination Involves…
Observation Palpation Enables the clinician to evaluate the size/shape/texture of an organ Percussion Detects abnormalities of the liver/spleen/fluid/ gas accumulation in the abdominal cavity Auscultation Determines the peristaltic actions of the GI tract

5. Spit a Beat
Bowel sounds normally range from 5 to 30 clicks or gurgles per minute Prolonged gurgling is called borborygmus The frequency of the bowel sounds is reduced by intestinal obstruction and increased in diarrhea

6. Pancreatitis?? Is actually the inflammation of the pancreas
Acute Pancreatitis is a severe inflammation requiring hospital care, but leaves no lasting damage
Chronic Pancreatitis lasts longer and leaves the pancreas permanently damaged
A person with either form experiences sudden epigastric and midabdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, sweating, fever, and tachycardia
Treatment focuses on stopping the autodigestion of the pancreas

7. Liver Disorders
Disorders of the liver produce extremely serious complications like jaundice, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, and ascites
Two Common Hepatic Disorders are Hepatitis and Cirrhosis

8. Cirrhosis
Irreversible inflammatory liver disease Develops slowly over a period of years, but has a high rate of mortality Characterized by a disorganized liver histology The bile passages become obstructed leading to jaundice Obstruction of the hepatic circulation stimulates angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels The most common form of cirrhosis is alcoholic cirrhosis Treatment involves nutritional support, control of gastrointestinal bleeding and ascites

9. Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver, associated with the viruses called hepatitis
Viral strains causing hepatitis differ from either
Transmission
Prevention (Vaccination)
Onset of Symptoms
Severity
Affected Age Groups
45% of people show evidence of having it
Progresses through three phases
Symptoms include fatigue, malaise, nausea, vomiting, pain
Treatment include eating a low fat, high carb diet, and wait for recovery

10. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Are usually chronic and may affect the small intestine and large intestine or both
The three most common are ulcerative colitis, Crohn Disease, and Diverticulitis

11. Ulcerative Colitis
A chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine, especially the rectum
Strikes between the ages of 20 and 40
Cause is unknown
Small lesions begin the intestinal crypts and coalesce form larger ulcers
The disease progresses to painful cramps, watery diarrhea and urgent need to defecate
Treated with anti-inflammatory and colostomy of the inflamed region

12. Crohn Disease Similar to Ulcerative Colitis
Affects both and cross the the large and small intestine
Produces fissures that cross the intestinal wall and may involve both mucosa and serosa
They give the intestinal wall a cobblestone appearance
Chief symptom is an irritable bowel, produces diarrhea, abdominal tenderness, or pain
Treated with immunosuppressive drugs

13. Diverticulitis Inflammation of diverticula (Found on the colon)
The most commonly affected region of the GI tract is the sigmoid colon
The condition worsened by low fiber diets because the lack of bulk in the stool reduces the diameter of the colon
Causes painful cramping, diarrhea, or constipation
Occasionally it ruptures and peritonitis may ensure
Diagnosed same way as Ulcerative Colitis

14. Appendicitis Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
Cause is still uncertain
Signs begin with a vague pain in the epigastric or umbilical region
Pain is accompanied by fever, nausea, and vomiting
Physical examination typically shows rebound tenderness in the right lower quadrant
Confirmed by ultrasound or laparoscopy (viewing the abdominal cavity)
Treatment is appendectomy (emergency surgery of the abdomen)

15. Colorectal Cancer Cancer of the lower intestinal tract
Causes 10-15% of all cancer-related deaths
Risk factors include aging, diverticulitic, chronic ulcerative colitis, and family history of colorectal cancer
Patient may complain of lower abdominal pain and rectal bleeding
Best diagnostic tools is an ocult blood test
Treatment consists of surgically removing the cancerous region and associated lymphatic components
5 year survival rate followed surgery is greater than 90&
As metastasis increases, survival rate decreases

16. FIN!