1. Body Composition

2. We All Change in Many Ways

3. Genetics and Body Composition

4. Why is knowledge of body composition so important? Health and Disease Performance Appearance Longevity

5. What Is Body Composition? Body Composition: –The body’s relative amounts of fat mass and fat-free mass (bone, water, muscle, connective and organ tissues, teeth) Essential Fat: –Crucial for normal body functioning Nonessential Fat: –Adipose tissue

6. Chapter 66 Typical Body Composition

7. Essential Fat  Fat stored in major organs, muscles, and central nervous system  Important for childbearing and hormone- related functions  Required for normal physiological functioning  Reducing essential fat below minimal amounts can impair overall health.  Extremes in dieting (and exercise) can reduce essential fat stores.

8. Sex Differences in Essential Fat Men 3-5% of Total Body Weight Women 8-12% of TBW Of this amount, 5 to 9% is called sex- specific, reserve storage fat contained in breast and genital regions, lower body subcutaneous fat, and intramuscular depots

9. Stored Fat Storage fat accumulates mainly in adipose tissues. This fat includes visceral fatty tissues and adipose tissue deposited beneath the skin’s surface called subcutaneous fat The common anatomic sites for subcutaneous fat include the triceps, subscapula, iliac, mid- abdomen, and upper thigh

10. Chapter 610 Distribution of Adipose Tissue

11. Fat Mass versus Lean Body Mass (LBM) Fat Mass: –Actual fat mass in the body Lean Body Mass: –Also called fat free mass (FFM), is the total amount of nonfat (lean) parts of the body. –Composed of muscle, bone, organs, and water –73% water, 20% protein, 6% minerals, and 1% ash.

12. Fat Mass and Lean Body Mass (LBM) Calculations Fat Mass = Body fat % x scale weight Lean Body Mass (LBM) = Scale weight – fat mass For example: –40-year-old female client weighs 130 pounds and has a body fat percentage of 28% –Fat mass =.28 x 130 = 36 pounds of fat –Lean body mass = 130 – 36 = 94 pounds of lean body mass

13. How Lean is Too Lean? Males –Lower limit of leanness equals about 3% body fat. –Average body fat for men 18-24: 13-16% Females –Lowest values for body fat correspond to the essential fat content (about 12%). –Average body fat for women 18-24: 20- 25%

14. Health Consequences of “Thinness” Too little body fat is associated with reproductive, circulatory, and immune system disorders –Less than 10–12% for women –Less than 5% for men Men –Infertility –Depression

15. Health Consequences of “Thinness” Women Ammenorrhea (completion cessation of menses) occurs in 2 to 5% of women of reproductive age, and 40% of female athletic groups such as dancers, skaters, cheerleaders, gymnasts, cross-country runners Oligomenorrhea (irregular menstrual cycles) or amenorrhea increases the risk of bone loss and musculoskeletal injury in premenopausal women

16. Overweight and Obesity The most important consideration in evaluating body weight and composition is percent body fat (the proportion of total body weight that is fat) Overweight: –Total body weight above a recommended range for good health Obesity: –Severely overweight and overfat; characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat

17. Excess Body Fat and Wellness Increased risk of chronic disease and premature death; associated health problems include: –Unhealthy blood fat levels –Impaired heart function –Heart disease and hypertension –Cancer –Impaired immune function –Gallbladder disease –Kidney disease –Skin problems –Sleeping problems

18. Body Fat Distribution and Chronic Disease Location of fat is important to health –People who gain weight in the abdominal area (apples) have an increased risk of coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and stroke –People who gain weight in the hip area (pears) are at lower risk for developing heart disease

19. Body Composition and Wellness Excess body fat decreases the ability to perform physical activities Unrealistic expectations about body composition can hurt self-image; exercise improves body image Set a realistic goal and maintain a wellness lifestyle to develop a healthy body composition

20. Body Composition Tests Body Mass Index (BMI) Skinfold Measurement Waist to Hip Ratio Hydrostatic Weighing Bioelectric Impedance Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Bod Pod

21. Body Mass Index An assessment based on the concept that a person’s weight should be proportional to height Elevated BMI is linked to increased risk of disease, especially if associated with large waist circumference Body Mass Index –(weight in pounds/height in inches squared) x 703 Overweight is defined as a BMI of 25 to 29.9 BMI can be inaccurate –Muscular individuals would have high BMI levels, incorrectly being labeling as obese.

22. Chapter 6 Skinfold Measurements Folds of skin are measured with a caliper. The measurements are used in equations that link the thickness of skinfolds to percent body fat calculations. –Three to 9 different standard anatomical sites around the body. –The right side is usually only measured. (Page 268 in NSCA)

23. Waist to Hip Ratio Waist girth divided by the hip girth in cm or inches This measure is often used to determine the coronary artery disease risk factor associated with obesity. Waist to hip ratio should be below: 0.85 to.90 for males 0.75 to.80 for females

24. Hydrostatic Weighing An individual is submerged and weighed under water. Percentages of fat and fat-free weight are calculated from body density.

25. Chapter 625

26. Bioelectric Impedance An electrical current is sent through the body, and the resistance of the body to it is recorded. The resulting estimates of how much water is in the body can be used to determine body composition. Based on the principle that the resistance to an applied electric current is inversely related to the amount of fat-free mass within the body. Measurement affected by hydration status, time of day and body temperature

27. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) The DEXA instruments differentiate body weight into the components of lean soft tissue, fat soft tissue and bone, based on the differential attenuation by tissues of two levels of x- rays. Requires trained radiology personnel to operate. The most accurate body fat analysis

28. Bod Pod The amount of air displaced by a person in a small chamber is measured by computerized sensors.

29. Setting Body Composition Goals If fat loss would benefit your health, set a realistic goal in terms of percent body fat or BMI If you have underlying health issues, check with your physician before setting a goal A little weight loss at a time can be very beneficial; focus on a healthy lifestyle including proper diet and exercise

30. Making Changes in Body Composition Lifestyle should focus on: –Regular physical activity, endurance exercise, and strength training –Moderate energy intake Physical activity is the key to long- term success