1. Atom-interferometry limits on dark energy Jun. 17. 2011 Geena Kim P. Hamilton, D. Schlippe, and H. Mueller University of California, Berkeley Paul Hamilton Müller group University of California at Berkeley

2. 1.Screened scalar fields as dark energy 2.Atom interferometry search for dark energy P. Hamilton, M. Jaffe, P. Haslinger, Q. Simmons, H. Müller, J. Khoury arXiv:1502.03888 3. Future reach with atom interferometry Eliminate theories with coupling up to Planck mass Outline

3. Evidence ESA/Planck SDSS SCP + + =

4. Known unknowns Dark energy density ~1 hydrogen atom / m 3 or an energy scale of 2.4 meV ESA/Planck

5. Dark energy sources Cosmological constant New energy scale = new field? Scalar fields advantages Can explain why cosmic acceleration started now Allow for equations of state with w ≠ -1

6. Scalar dark energy Simple scalar models lead to equivalence principle violations in conflict with solar system tests and fifth force searches. What if scalar field effects are somehow reduced in normal matter? Only two ingredients needed for screening 1)Scalar field self-potential 2)Coupling to local matter density

7. Chameleon fields Khoury, Weltman Phys. Rev. D 69, 044026 The “chameleon” as a model screened scalar field Self-potential Coupling to local density

8. Chameleon fields Khoury, Weltman Phys. Rev. D 69, 044026 Normal matterIn vacuum Coupling to local density Self-potential

9. Chameleon screening Unscreened Screened Only a thin shell contributes in macroscopic objects 1 cm 10 nm Chameleon field acts as a potential for objects

10. Screened force Unscreened force can be much stronger than gravity

11. Public outreach Burrage, Copeland, Hinds arXiv:1408.1409 Realization: Single atom’s small size makes it ideal test mass which evades screening Semi-famous internet meme

12. Screened force Unscreened force can be much stronger than gravity

13. Atom interferometry Time 0 T 2T Height

14. Detection Optically push one state to side before imaging Fluorescence detection of two output states Sphere moved in and out with translation stage 3 mm

15. Cavity interferometer 4 lasers, 2 optical cavities 7 frequency and phase locks Upper Mirror Lower Mirror 3D MOT 2D MOT For more information:

16. Gravimetry fringes Height Time

17. Reversed interferometers Time Height Alternate momentum kick directions to reduce systematics

18. Results Red = sphere near Blue = sphere far Difference between sphere near/far

19. Systematics Differential measurement How else can the sphere affect our measurement? Changes in interferometry laser Check power dependence Magnetic fields Increase bias field x10 Electric fields Negligible due to small polarizability

20. Constraints on parameters Neutrons n=1 n=5 screened unscreened Atom interferometry

21. Dark energy limits

22. Photon coupling comparison Limits including experiments using an additional coupling to the photon CAST- arxiv:1503.04561 Atom interferometry Atom interferometry does not need photon coupling

23. The future 3-4 orders of magnitude improvement reaches Planck Mass couplings

24. The future ModelDescription ChameleonMass couples to matter density SymmetronCoupling depends on matter density f(R) gravity Preferred scaleMaps to chameleon theory Varying dilatonTime varying equivalence principle violation Topological DMAnomalous forces K-mouflage Pressuron Galileon Atom interferometry can help constrain many scalar dark energy theories

25. “Force-Free Gravitational Redshift: Proposed Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm Experiment” M. Hohensee, B. Estey, P. Hamilton, A. Zeilinger, H. Müller, PRL 108, 230404 (2012) x [m] Optical lattice Field mass Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm Effect See poster by Matt Jaffe

26. Dark energy / optical cavity interferometer Paul Hamilton Philipp Haslinger Matt Jaffe Justin Khoury Quinn Simmons Antihydrogen interferometer Paul Hamilton Philipp Haslinger ALPHA collaborators Andrey Zhmoginov Joel Fajans Jonathan Wurtele XUV atom interferometer Paul Hamilton Collaborators Birgitta Whaley Ali Belkacem PI : Holger Müller Lithium atom interferometer Kayleigh Cassell Eric Copenhaver Paul Hamilton Talk tomorrow Poster Other projects:

27. Systematics - Magnetic

28. Systematics – AC Stark

29. Systematics - All

30. F=3 atoms F=4 atoms Recent Mach-Zehnder data F=4 / (F=3 + F=4)

31. Chameleon mass

32. Atom screening

33. Mass screening

34. Exclusion plot regions

35. Strong coupling

36. Lorentz invariance requires Holds exactly in all of QM and QFT Phase of a quantum state [de Broglie, 1924, Ph.D thesis (!)] An atom interferometer measures the phase difference: (for Mach – Zehnder) Compton frequency Time dilationRedshift

37. 0 T 2T Time Height Light pulse atom interferometer Beamsplitter Interferometer Demonstrated sensitivity of atom interferometers Accelerations: ~ppb ! Rotations: <nrad/s !

38. Upper Mirror Lower Mirror 3D MOT 2D MOT Magnetic Shields Cavity parameters: L = 40.76 cm, waist~600 μm, finesse~200 Cavity interferometer apparatus Cavity mirror Δp=2n ℏ k Cavity lock laser Interferometry laser

39. 2D magneto-optical source 3D magneto-optical trap Molasses cooling Optical lattice load Adiabatic release Optical pumping State and spatial selection Velocity selection Interferometer sequence Fluorescence detection Experimental sequence Which requires stable operation of: 4 lasers, 2 optical cavities 7 frequency and phase locks