1. © 2006 Rockwell Collins, Inc. All rights reserved. Parameterized Congruences in ACL2 David Greve August, 2006

2. 2 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Congruences (Unplumbed) Congruence-based Rewriting –Built-In to ACL2 –Treats Certain Predicate Relations “just like equality” –Use Relations to Define Rewrite Rules What is the “Big Deal”? –Provides Strong Normalization (Near) Minimal Representations –Scalable Defined Locally Used Globally –Context Sensitive Simple Rules Rule-Chaining

3. 3 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Normalizing list-Based Set Expressions (defthm member-cons-duplicates (iff (member a (cons x (cons x y))) (member a (cons x y)))) (defthm member-cons-duplicates-2 (iff (member a (cons z (cons x (cons x y)))) (member a (cons z (cons x y))))) Removing Duplicate Updates.. But What About..

4. 4 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Normalizing list-Based Set Expressions (cont) Rewrite Rules Are not Sufficiently Powerful –Infinite number of rules Syntactic Simplification –:meta and bind-free –A Better Solution –Don’t Scale well Specific to a set of functions (Defined Globally) Difficult to extend to user defined functions Congruence-based Rewriting –More powerful than rewrite rules –More scalable than syntactic techniques

5. 5 Rockwell Collins, Inc. 3 Steps to Using Congruence-based Rewriting Defining Rewriting Contexts –defequiv Proving Driver Rules –Using equivalence relations Establishing Congruences –defcong

6. 6 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Rewriting Context Obviously (cons x (cons x y)) is not equal to (cons x y), But they are equivalent in “the second argument of member” So we can replace one with the other in that context (defthm member-cons-duplicates (iff (member a (cons x (cons x y))) (member a (cons x y)))) (cons x (cons x y)) (cons x y)

7. 7 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Defining a Rewriting Context ACL2 Generalizes this notion –“the second argument of member” Uses Equivalence Relations –Formalize essential properties of “the second argument of member” Formally Introduced in ACL2 via defequiv –(defequiv set-equiv) –Associates equivalence relation with a rewriting context (and (booleanp (set-equiv x y)) (set-equiv x x) (implies (set-equiv x y) (set-equiv y x)) (implies (and (set-equiv x y) (set-equiv y z)) (set-equiv x z)))

8. 8 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Driver Rules Rewrite rules employing equivalence relations –Does not rewrite set-equiv to true –Replaces (cons x (cons x y)) with (cons x y) –In a set-equiv rewriting context Driver Rules –Concise, Automatic, Unconstrained –Enhanced Normalization (defthm set-equiv-cons-cons-driver (set-equiv (cons x (cons x y)) (cons x y)))

9. 9 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Congruences Driver Rules –Only Applied in specific rewriting contexts Congruence Rules –Establish rewriting contexts –Indicate when it is sound to use specified equivalence relations Restricted –No hypotheses, Single function instance (defthm set-equiv-implies-iff-in-2 (implies (set-equiv x y) (iff (member a x) (member a y))) :rule-classes (:congruence)) (defcong set-equiv iff (member a x) 2) (defcong set-equiv set-equiv (cons a x) 2)

10. 10 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Congruence-based Rewriting: Synopsys Rewriting contexts –Characterized by equivalence relations Driver Rules –Apply context-sensitive simplifications Congruence Rules –Chain from one context to another Congruence-based Rewriting –More powerful than rewrite rules –More scalable than syntactic techniques (defequiv set-equiv) (defthm set-equiv-cons-cons-driver (set-equiv (cons x (cons x y)) (cons x y))) (defcong set-equiv iff (member a x) 2) (defcong set-equiv set-equiv (cons a x) 2)

11. 11 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Removing Nested mod.. But What About.. Normalizing modular Arithmetic Expressions (defthm mod-+-mod-1 (equal (mod (+ (mod x N) y) N) (mod (+ x y) N))) (defthm mod-+-mod-nest (equal (mod (+ x (mod y N) z) N) (mod (+ x y z) N)))

12. 12 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Normalizing Modular Arithmetic Expressions (cont) Rewrite Rules Are not Sufficiently Powerful –Infinite number of rules Syntactic Simplification (arithmetic-3) –:meta and bind-free –A Better Solution –Don’t Scale well Specific to a set of functions (Defined Globally) Difficult to extend to user defined functions Congruence-based Rewriting (?) –More powerful than rewrite rules –More scalable than syntactic techniques

13. 13 Rockwell Collins, Inc. 3 Steps to Using Congruence-based Rewriting Defining Rewriting Contexts –defequiv Proving Driver Rules –Using equivalence relations Establishing Congruences –defcong

14. 14 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Our equivalence relations is parameterized by N: ALC2 doesn’t support parameterized equivalances (!) –Genequiv defines currently active rewriting context Argument to rewriter Identifies “active” equivalence relations Driver rules can fire if their equivalence relation is in genequiv Congruence rules program genequiv –Could be extended Equivalence relation + parameter terms Substantial change to ACL2 Defining the Rewriting Context (defun mod-equiv (x y N) (equal (mod x N) (mod y N)))

15. 15 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Parameterized Congruences with nary The nary Library –Developed to Address this Shortcoming –Emulates Parameterized Congruences –Provides Convenient Macros Three Steps to using nary –Defining Parameterized Rewriting Contexts defcontext –Proving Parameterized Driver Rules Using context functions –Establishing Parameterized Congruences defcong+

16. 16 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Parameterized Rewriting Context –Implemented using Parameterized Context (Fixing) Functions –“mod” is one such function Context Functions Serve two primary purposes –Method for imposing context on a term To simplify x in a “mod N” context, we simplify (mod x N) –Act as Triggers for Driver rules Any rule matching (mod x N) is a “mod N” driver rule Parameterized Equivalence Reduction Assumption –Context Function Captures Interaction between equated terms and parameters –Equivalence Relation Captures Interaction between “fixed” values Parameterized Rewriting Context (equal (nary-equiv x y a1 a2 a3) (equiv (nary-ctx x a1 a2 a3) (nary-ctx y a1 a2 a3)))

17. 17 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Parameterized Driver Rules Rewrite rules employing parameterized context function (defthm mod-N-N (implies (and (integerp N) (not (equal N 0))) (equal (mod N N) 0))

18. 18 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Parameterized Congruences Parameterized Congruence Rules –Cause terms to be reduced in Parameterized Rewriting Contexts –Heart of nary Library –Binding Hypotheses –Bind-Free (defthm nary-cong-rule (implies (equal x (mod a N)) (equal (mod (+ a b) N) (mod (+ x b) N))) (defthm set-equiv-implies-iff-in-2 (implies (set-equiv x y) (iff (member a x) (member a y))) :rule-classes (:congruence))

19. 19 Rockwell Collins, Inc. nary Parameterized Congruence Rules (defthm mod-+-cong-1 (implies (and (integerp N) (not (equal N 0)) (integerp a) (integerp b) (equal wrap (mod a N)) (bind-free (mod_unfix wrap N ‘wrap? ‘x) (wrap? x)) (if wrap? (equal wrap (mod x N)) (equal wrap x)) (syntaxp (not (equal a x))) (integerp x)) (equal (mod (+ a b) N) (mod (+ x b) N)))) Guard Hypotheses

20. 20 Rockwell Collins, Inc. nary Parameterized Congruence Rules (defthm mod-+-cong-1 (implies (and (integerp N) (not (equal N 0)) (integerp a) (integerp b) (equal wrap (mod a N)) (bind-free (mod_unfix wrap N ‘wrap? ‘x) (wrap? x)) (if wrap? (equal wrap (mod x N)) (equal wrap x)) (syntaxp (not (equal a x))) (integerp x)) (equal (mod (+ a b) N) (mod (+ x b) N)))) Binding Hypotheses

21. 21 Rockwell Collins, Inc. nary Parameterized Congruence Rules (defthm mod-+-cong-1 (implies (and (integerp N) (not (equal N 0)) (integerp a) (integerp b) (equal wrap (mod a N)) (bind-free (mod_unfix wrap N ‘wrap? ‘x) (wrap? x)) (if wrap? (equal wrap (mod x N)) (equal wrap x)) (syntaxp (not (equal a x))) (integerp x)) (equal (mod (+ a b) N) (mod (+ x b) N)))) Produced by Defcontext Macro. Searching for terms like (mod x N) (defcontext (mod x N) 1) (defun mod_unfix (wrap N wrap? X) (if (and (consp wrap) (equal (car wrap) ‘mod) (equal (caddr wrap) N)) (list (cons wrap? ‘(quote t)) (cons x (cadr wrap))) (list (cons wrap? ‘(quote nil)) (cons x wrap)))

22. 22 Rockwell Collins, Inc. nary Parameterized Congruence Rules (defthm mod-+-cong-1 (implies (and (integerp N) (not (equal N 0)) (integerp a) (integerp b) (equal wrap (mod a N)) (bind-free (mod_unfix wrap N ‘wrap? ‘x) (wrap? x)) (if wrap? (equal wrap (mod x N)) (equal wrap x)) (syntaxp (not (equal a x))) (integerp x)) (equal (mod (+ a b) N) (mod (+ x b) N)))) wrap? Tells us if wrap was of the form (mod Q N). If it was, x is bound to Q and wrap? Is bound to true. Otherwise, x is bound to the value of wrap and wrap? Is false.

23. 23 Rockwell Collins, Inc. nary Parameterized Congruence Rules (defthm mod-+-cong-1 (implies (and (integerp N) (not (equal N 0)) (integerp a) (integerp b) (equal wrap (mod a N)) (bind-free (mod_unfix wrap N ‘wrap? ‘x) (wrap? x)) (if wrap? (equal wrap (mod x N)) (equal wrap x)) (syntaxp (not (equal a x))) (integerp x)) (equal (mod (+ a b) N) (mod (+ x b) N)))) Logical test to ensure correctness of syntactic transformation.

24. 24 Rockwell Collins, Inc. nary Parameterized Congruence Rules (defthm mod-+-cong-1 (implies (and (integerp N) (not (equal N 0)) (integerp a) (integerp b) (equal wrap (mod a N)) (bind-free (mod_unfix wrap N ‘wrap? ‘x) (wrap? x)) (if wrap? (equal wrap (mod x N)) (equal wrap x)) (syntaxp (not (equal a x))) (integerp x)) (equal (mod (+ a b) N) (mod (+ x b) N)))) Make sure we have actually simplified something.

25. 25 Rockwell Collins, Inc. nary Parameterized Congruence Rules (defthm mod-+-cong-1 (implies (and (integerp N) (not (equal N 0)) (integerp a) (integerp b) (equal wrap (mod a N)) (bind-free (mod_unfix wrap N ‘wrap? ‘x) (wrap? x)) (if wrap? (equal wrap (mod x N)) (equal wrap x)) (syntaxp (not (equal a x))) (integerp x)) (equal (mod (+ a b) N) (mod (+ x b) N)))) Check the type of the result.

26. 26 Rockwell Collins, Inc. nary Parameterized Congruence Rules (defthm mod-+-cong-1 (implies (and (integerp N) (not (equal N 0)) (integerp a) (integerp b) (equal wrap (mod a N)) (bind-free (mod_unfix wrap N ‘wrap? ‘x) (wrap? x)) (if wrap? (equal wrap (mod x N)) (equal wrap x)) (syntaxp (not (equal a x))) (integerp x)) (equal (mod (+ a b) N) (mod (+ x b) N)))) Replace “a” with the value obtained by simplifying “a” in a “mod N” context.

27. 27 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Congruence-based Rewriting: Synopsys Parameterized Rewriting contexts –Characterized by context functions Parameterized Driver Rules –Trigger on context functions Parameterized Congruence Rules –Simplify terms in selected context. Parameterized Congruence-based Rewriting –Extends Standard Congruence- baed Rewriting to parameterized equivalences. (defcontext (mod x N) 1) (defthm mod-N-N (equal (mod (mod x N) N) (mod x N))) (defcong+ mod-+-cong (mod (+ a b) N) :hyps (and (rationalp-guard a b N) (not (equal N 0))) :cong ((a (equal x (mod a N))) (b (equal y (mod b N)))) :check (rationalp-guard x y))

28. 28 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Example Application (defcontext (mod x N) 1) (defthm mod-N-N (equal (mod (mod x N) N) (mod x N))) (defcong+ mod-+-cong (mod (+ a b) N) :hyps (and (rationalp-guard a b N) (not (equal N 0))) :cong ((a (equal x (mod a N))) (b (equal y (mod b N)))) :check (rationalp-guard x y)) (defthm foo1-prop (equal (mod (foo1 x n) n) (mod x n))) (defcong+ foo2-cong (mod (foo2 x) n) :cong ((x (equal a (mod x n))))) (defthm mod-+-normalization (implies (and (rationalp-guard a b c d e N) (not (equal n 0))) (equal (mod (+ a (mod b n) (foo1 c n) (foo2 (+ (mod d n) (mod e n)))) n) (mod (+ a b c (foo2 (+ d e))) n))))

29. 29 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Definition/Use Analysis (defun copy-nth* (list st1 st2) (if (null list) st2 (update-nth (car list) (nth (car list) st1) (copy-nth* (cdr list) st1 st2))) (defun use (list st) (copy-nth* list st nil)) (defthm use-over-update-nth (implies (not (member (nfix b) list)) (equal (use list (update-nth b v st)) (use list st)))) (defcontext (use list st) 2) (defcong+ use-update-nth-cong (use list (update-nth a v x)) :cong ((x (equal z (use list x))))) (defcong+ nth-foo-use (nth a (foo st)) :cong ((st (equal z (use (foo-use) st)))) :hyps (member (nfix a) (foo-def))) (defthm du-properties (and (member 0 (foo-def)) (not (member 3 (foo-use))))) (defthm test-nth-foo (equal (nth 0 (foo (update-nth a w (update-nth 3 v st)))) (nth 0 (foo (update-nth a w st)))))

30. 30 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Conclusion Congruence-based Rewriting –Built In to ACL2 –More powerful than rewrite rules –More scalable than syntactic techniques –Unplumbed Parameterized Congruence-based Rewriting –Enabled (Emulated) via nary Library –Applicable to variety of Domains Modular Arithmetic Definition/Use Analysis

31. 31 Rockwell Collins, Inc. A Challenge Problem For every function satisfying the properties of an equivalance relation: There exists a fixing function such that: (defthm equiv-reduction (equal (equiv x y) (equal (fix x) (fix y)))) (and (booleanp (equiv x y)) (equiv x x) (implies (equiv x y) (equiv y x)) (implies (and (equiv x y) (equiv y z)) (equiv x z)))

32. 32 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Generalized (Parameterized) Congruences (defthm generalized-cong-rule (implies (< x a) (equal (foo x) (foo a))))