1. Anthropology Wrap-Up Forensics Spring Semester

2. Term Review Anthropology Forensic Anthropology vs. Anthropology Joints vs Cartilage vs Ligaments vs Tendons Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts, Osteocyte Osteoporosis Ossification Osteobiography

3. Term Review Anthropology – study of all aspects of human development – tools, traditions, language, etc. Forensic Anthropology – identifying characteristics from remains of an individual – sex, race, ~height, health & injuries Joints – where bones come together Ligaments – hold bones together Tendons – connect bones to muscles Cartilage – “soft bone” tissue, cushions and acts as a shock absorber

4. Term Review Osteoblasts – living bone cells Osteoclasts- cells that dissolve old bone Osteocytes – newly trapped osteoblasts that form new bone framework – no longer “living” Ossification – hardening of bone tissue Osteoporosis – weakening of bones due to loss of calcium Osteobiography – interpretation of bones – what story they tell

5. Notes Review Number of Bones Age of Bones Males vs Females Skull Pelvis Thigh Bone

6. Notes Review Adults 206 Infants 450 Determined by closing of sutures in cranium, bone density, number and development of bones Male skull – larger, bumpier, low sloping frontal bone, square orbits, square jaw and chin, occipital protuberance Female Skull – smaller, smoother, high rounded frontal bone, round orbits, sloped jaw (~ 90 o ), v-shaped chin

7. Notes Review Male Pelvis – subpubic angle < 82 o, triangular pubis, heart shaped pelvic cavity, narrow sacral curved inward, large oval obturator foramen Female Pelvis – subpubic angle 90 o, rectangular pubis, oval shaped pelvic cavity, short sacral curved outward, triangular obturator foramen Male thigh – straight Female thigh - angled

8. Notes Review Age of Person (Reference Chart 13-19) Suture Marks Cartilaginous Lines Long Bones Height of a Person Use humerus or the femur How do they differ for different Races

9. Notes Review Suture marks on skull Cartilaginous lines – called an epiphysis – line no longer visible when bone hardens completely, varies with bone type Long bones – fuse to shaft Used to determine height with mathematical relationships (femur and humerous) Different tables for different races

10. Notes Recap Race Shape of eye sockets Absence or presence of nasal spine Measurement of the Nasal Index Prognathism – projection of upper jaw See Chart 13-21 With interracial marriages this has become less reliable. Why?

11. Extras Facial Reconstruction helpful in ID DNA Evidence – soft tissue lost over time Mitochondrial DNA (Define and why useful) DNA in bones, from mother, long lastiing Breakage Patterns of Bones “Live Bones” - repair “Old Bones” Summary page 374