1. Chapter 15 Bleeding and Shock

2. Objectives Describe the cardio-respiratory system.
List the components of the circulatory system.
Explain how blood circulates through the body.
Explain what is meant by standard precautions.
Define the three basic types of bleeding.
Explain the dangers associated with shock.

3. Cardiorespiratory System
Cardiorespiratory system includes functions of the heart, blood vessels, circulation, and gas exchange
Important components
Heart
Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
Lungs

4. Heart Responsible for pumping blood throughout the body Dimensions
5 inches long, 3.5 inches long
Weighs less than a pound
Beats 10,000 times a day
8000 gallons of blood through vessels
Pumps times a minute
Slower HR for those in better shape

5. Structure of Heart Four cavities
Left/Right Atria
Left/Right Ventricle
Left and right sides separated by septum
Superior and inferior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary artery and vein

6. Blood Flow Through Heart
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lung

7. Blood Flow Through Heart
Lung
Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta

8. Blood Approx 5 quarts of blood in adult body
Carries oxygen and nutrients to body
Transports waste products back to lungs, kidneys, and liver
Essential to immune system, temperature balance, hormone messenger

9. Components of Blood
Plasma: yellowish liquid, 55% of total volume of blood
Red blood cell: transports oxygen
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
White blood cell: defense cells
Platelets: helps with blood clots
All of these are produced in bone marrow

10. Blood Vessels Arteries: carry blood from heart to the body, oxygenated
Arterioles: small arteries
Veins: carry blood back to heart, one way valves
Veins in legs are surrounded by large muscle groups that compress veins when contracted
Venules: small veins

11. Blood Vessels
Capillaries: connects arteries and veins, responsible for transferring oxygen and nutrients to cells
Coronary Arteries: heart’s own system of blood vessels

12. Blood Pressure Measurement of the pressure against blood vessel walls
Systolic (top number): ventricle contraction
Diastolic (lower number): ventricle relaxation

13. Blood Pressure Measured using a sphygmomanometer at brachial artery
Average is 120/80
Athletes usually lower
Factors affecting blood pressure: stress, nutrition, disease, drugs, exercise, family history

14. Pulse Rhythmical beating of the heart Pulse Points Brachial Artery
Commom Carotid Artery
Femoral Artery
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Popliteal Artery
Radial Artery
Temporal Artery
Posterior Tibial Artery

15. Find Pulse Should take pulse with first two fingers, not thumb
Carotid Artery: anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Radial Artery: lateral of wrist
Dorsalis Pedis Artery: top of foot, lateral to extensor hallucis longus
Tibialis Posterior Artery: medial side of ankle

16. Personal Protective Equipment
Should be used when coming in contact with blood or other body fluids
Gloves
Protective Eyewear
Surgical Mask

17. Removal of Gloves
Grasp the palm or cuff of the left glove with the gloved right hand.
Pull the left glove toward the fingertips so the glove ends up inside out.
Holding the removed glove in the gloved right hand, insert 2 fingers from the left hand under the cuff of the right glove.
Pull the right glove toward the fingertips of the right hand, ending up with the glove inside out and the left glove captured within the right glove.

18. Bleeding Arterial: can be severe, spurts
Venous: less severe but can be profuse, bluish red blood
Capillary: slow bleeding, higher risk of infection

19. Shock
Shock is a failure of the circulatory system to oxygenate vital organs
Variety of causes
Signs and Symptoms
Weak rapid pulse
Cold clammy skin
Pale
Shallow respiration
Nausea and vomiting