1. Activity 9. Module versus ad hoc survey Maria Giuseppina Muratore

2. There is the need for an integrated approach to violence gender based, to have accurate data that meet users and community needs highlight the hidden violence phenomenon and contribute in eliminating stereotypes define priorities for policy makers allow social and cultural change in combating violence against women But it’s necessary a Balance between the opportunity to focus in depth on violence issue and the respondent burden depending on the type of survey, if dedicated or a module

3. Need of methodological and procedural dedicated tools to guarantee women safety, help women disclosure, have sounded data  Risk to underestimate data if collected within a no specialized survey (the life course rate of rape or attempted rape was 2,9% in Italian safety citizens’ survey (a victimization survey) against the 5% of violence survey (since the age of 16teen)

4. In the last decade, two major approaches in survey methodology have been used to survey violence. 1. the dedicated survey, a survey primarily designed to gather detailed information on the extent of different forms of violence against women. 2. special module on violence against women, added to an ongoing survey on a wider topic, such as victimization or health.

5. Surveys designed primarily for other purposes can play an important role in: documenting the extent of violence against women, particularly when resources are scarce for conducting dedicated surveys. Disadvantages: information generated on violence against women is more limited than the information from dedicated studies greater risk of under-reporting violence no all surveys are fit to include a module

6. If ad hoc modules are to be added to ongoing surveys careful consideration needs to be given to the following issues: the possibility of adding a full instrument to the existing survey and not only a limited number of questions consequent decision regarding which information are the best and the most important how to design the module and the impact on the other survey appropriateness of the topic of the ongoing survey (for example health, victimization, quality of life) ensuring that women’s safety is not compromised big attention in creating a good climate interviewer- interviewee, helpful to disclosure

7. Problems regarding the victimization (crime) context survey: good for some topic, for instance harassment at work (mobbing, sexual unwanted touching, sexual blackmail, rape and attempted rape) and for sexual harassment (verbal harassment, exhibitionism, obscene telephone calls, to be followed) good to link different topics of the phenomenon, as social decay, own safety perception, public life and social behaviour with sexual harassment and violence less good for rape and especially for rape in intimate relationship and domestic violence

8. because: The contest is that of crime collections Victim have to be aware of abuses The perception of the partner is negative, as a criminal

9. Comparing the two Italian surveys 1.Different aims 2.Different topics and information 3.Different data victimization survey AND violence survey

10. 1. Different aims objective and subjective citizen’s safety volume of crime (bag snatching, pickpocheting, burglary, robbery, fraud, assault, threats, vehicle theft….) dark figure of crime prevalence, incidence, concentration rate in the last 12 months economic losses injuries crime incident details safety perception crime risk area where people live module on sexual violence: to have an idea of the phenomenon

11. Prevalence and incidence rate of different types of violence a specific attention has domestic violence by current or former partner –psychological –economical –physical –sexual Characteristics of those involved and characteristics, consequences and costs of violence, the history of violence Risk and protective factors related to individuals as well to socio-demographical domain The every day life context in which violence can arise 1. Different aims (VAW)

12. 2a. Information collected on violence forms victimization survey – women 14-59 (65 since 2008) violence survey – women 16-70 sexual violence verbal harassment- exhibitionism- obscene telephone calls- to be followed- sexual unwanted touching sexual blackmail- attempted rape raperape (2 questions) sexual intercourses with a third party undesired sexual intercourses, suffered for fear of consequences degrading and humiliating sexual activities other sexual violence forms not included

13. 2a. Information collected on violence forms assault (also for men in the main questionnaire) (victimisation) - - - - - - - physical violence (VAW) threat to be physically hit to be slapped, kicked, punched or bitten to be pushed, grabbed to be yanked or knocked with an object attempted strangulation, of a choking, burning threats with weapons Other physical violence victimization survey – women 14-59 (65 since 2008) violence survey – women 16-70

14. 2a. Differences on the way to collect violence episodes VAW  3 screening for non partner, actual partner, former partner CVS  only 1 question for all authors

15. 2b. Information collected on violence episodes regarding rape victimization surveyviolence survey violence author and relationship with the victim repeated sexual violence by the same author (if yes) - frequency of occurrence - finished or yet in course (if yes) - frequency of occurrence - finished or yet in course place of occurrence reporting behaviour (if not) reason for not reporting - (if yes) - satisfaction police relationship - what police have done - what they would have police did - trial - sentence of the trial injuries - (if yes) - types of injuries - injuries so serious to ask medical care - place of the care

16. victimization surveyviolence survey perceived seriousness - feel in danger - perception of violence as a crime - use of medicine to cope with violence experience - use of therapy to cope with violence experience - days of absence from work - days of inability to do daily activities - economic losses change in behaviours and habits as a consequences - victims reaction ……. - violence in pregnancy - children witnesses of violence - …………..

17. 2c. Other differences in collecting data Difference in target population Difference of reference period Difference in number of questions on the same topic

18. 3. Differences in data victimization surveyviolence survey Rate: Sexual unwanted touching19.720.1 Rape/attempted rape2.95.0 Sexual unwanted touching + Rape/attempted rape + sexual activity before 16 years 20.026.1 Rape/attempted rape Injuries: yes13.915.7 (partner) 11,7 (non partner) Seriousness: very serious57.641.6 (partner) 42.0 (non partner) Reporting behaviour: yes7.45.3 (partner) 7.1 (non partner) Never spoke to anybody30.643.7 (partner) 32.4 (non partner)

19. It’s possible to collect data through a module: It is cheaper it can be more quick But attention to: –the context of the ongoing survey –tool construction (type of questions and sequence) –information collected –women safety –women trauma –methodological rigorousness –disclosure In conclusion