2. Botanical Classification
Family: cruciferae
RAPESEED
Brassica napus
Brassica rapa/ Brassica campestris
MUSTARD
Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)
Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard)

3. Brassica napus Commonly called as “GOBHI SARSON” Dark color seed
Chromosome no (n=19)
Developed as,
B. napus= B. olearacea+ B. rapa
B. olearacea (n=9)
B. rapa (n=10)

4. Brassica rapa Also called B. campestris
Yellow sarson, brown sarson & toria
Large size seeds
Chromosome no (n=10)

5. Brassica juncea Indian mustard Brown or yellow color seeds
Chromosome no (n=18)
Developed as,
B. juncea= B. nigra + B. rapa
B. nigra (n=8)
B. rapa (n=10)

6. Brassica carinata Ethiopian mustard Large size yellow/dark color seeds
Chromosome no (n=17)
Developed as,
B. carinata= B. nigra + B. olearacea
B. nigra (n=8)
B. olearacea (n=9)

7. Description Annual rabi crop 50-200 cm tall and branched
Taproot system with many lateral roots concentrated in the shallow subsurface soil.
Yellow flowers usually
Brassica campestris is both self and cross pollinated others are self pollinated.
The fruit is apod, 5-10 cm long, with two carpals.
Each pod contains small, round seeds of different colors, weighing 4-6 g per thousand seeds.

8. Origin and History Not definitely known.
However its cultivation has been traced to 2000 B.C. in India, China and Japan.
Wild forms of Brassica campestris are found from western Europe to China, which suggests its origin in the Afghan-Pakistan region, another centre in the Mediterranean region, and a secondary centre in the Turk-Iranian region.
Brassica seed was firstly used for Oil Extraction in India.
Interest in Rapeseed cultivation increased in Europe and North America.
China and India are still largest producers of Rapeseed.

9. Uses Young leaves are used as vegetables Used as fodder
The oil is used in cooking and making pickles
Oil is also used in industry as a lubricant
Since the oil of conventional varieties contains high levels of erucic acid which is injurious to human health, cultivars have been evolved which are low in both erucic acid and glucosinulates, which are injurious to livestock.
Such varieties are designated as “00” types

10. Locality More than 50% of crop is grown in Punjab
in the districts of Multan, Khushab, Kasur, Layyah, Rahim Yar Khan, Bhakkar, Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Lahore, and Rawalpindi.
In Sindh,
the major production districts are Sukkur, Nawabshah, and Sangar.
Cultivation of toria is confined to the south
Cultivation of raya to the north of Sindh,
Taramira is cultivated throughout the province.
About 30% of the Taramira in Sindh is cultivated as an unirrigated dobari crop.

11. KPK
Among the southern districts in KPK, D.I.Khan is the main growing area where B. juncea types are mainly grown.
However in north (Hazara, Malakand) and central zones (Peshawar, Mardan), B.compestris types are grown. B. napus have recently been introduced.

12. Climate and Soil
Rape and mustard are well adapted to the temperate regions of the country.
Do well in average daily temperatures of 30°C
25-30% of the area is grown under rain fed conditions.
Taramira is fairly well adapted to rain fed conditions.
Rape and mustard prefer well drained soils and cannot tolerate waterlogged conditions.
Mustard can tolerate a variety of soils, but rape generally prefers lighter soils.

13. Cultivars Punjab Poorbi raya Raya Anmol Zafar 2000 Peela raya Sindh
RD-81
KPK
Altex
Tower
Sindh
Toria selection
Early raya
S-9
Jhambha selection

14. Cultural Practices Time of Planting
Rapeseed and mustard are grown in the rabi season.
However, toria and Poorbi raya are grown in the zaid kharif season
The rabi crop is planted in October-November
Harvested in April-May.
Zaid kharif crop is planted in late August or early September
Harvested in December.

15. Time of Planting Time of planting is crucial
In early rabi planting, early pods are affected by frost
Late pod and seed development is affected by the approaching hot season.
Late planted zaid kharif crops are damaged by frost.

16. Cultural Practices Seedbed preparation
Since rape and mustard seeds are small
They require a fine well prepared, level, and firm seedbed
Adequate soil moisture for good seed germination and an acceptable stand of plants.
Method of sowing
Generally the seed is sown by broadcasting.

17. Cultural Practices Seed rate 2-8kg/ha Healthy and pure seed
Free from diseases and weed
Seed dressing with Vitavax or Benlate-M45
@ 2 g/kg seed before planting will ensure good emergence.

18. Cultural Practices Fertilizer application Sindh = 112:56 NP kg/ha
Punjab = 40:40 NP kg/ha
KPK = 75:50 NP kg/ha
Interculture and weeding
About days after emergence the seedlings should be thinned to 5-10 cm apart.
First hoeing is done when the plants are 6-8 cm tall.

19. Cultural Practices Intercropping and rotation
Intercropping with wheat and chickpea
In Hazara, these crops are planted as relay crops in maize.
Existing Rotations:
Rape/mustard-groundnut-wheat
Rice-rape/mustard-rice
Wheat-guar-rape/mustard(zaid kharif) – cotton
Proposed Rotations:
Rape/mustard-maize-wheat-soybean
Cotton-sunflower- mungbean - rape/mustard
Rape/mustard-sunflower-gram

20. Cultural Practices Irrigation More than 90% barani cultivated
3-4 irrigations for sarson
2-3 for toria
1-2 for Taramira
First irrigation is applied one month after sowing
subsequent irrigations at about days intervals.
Critical stages are flowering and pod filling

21. Cultural Practices Harvesting, threshing and storing
Ready when their stems and pods become yellow
Seeds become dark and rattle in their pods when shaken
Brassica campestris types mature in 180 days
B. napus days.
Usually harvested when about 75% of pods turn yellowish
Harvesting too early drastically reduces oil content and seed viability
Dried crop is threshed with bullocks or by running a tractor over it.
The seed is then winnowed, sun dried and stored.

22. Yield
Punjab
kg/ha
Sindh
kg/ha
KPK
kg/ha

23. Insect pests and diseases
Painted bug and
Aphids attack
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew, and
White rust

24. Province wise Area of Rapeseed/Mustard and Canola Crops in Pakistan
Year
Punjab
Sindh
NWFP
Balochistan
Pakistan
(Area'000'hectares) 
    
128.9
74.2
24.3
44.7
272.1
    
134.9
76.1
19.3
38.6
268.9
    
150.8
71.7
19.9
38.2
280.6
157.2
67.4
20.7
34.5
279.8
    
158.3
53.1
21.6
24.2
257.2
    
(2.4) 127.6
(3.6) 49.9
(1.1) 18.9
(3.6) 30.9
(10.7) 227.3
(2.8) 135.6
(2.7) 70.4
(1.0) 19.6
(3.4) 40.2
(9.90) 265.8
(3.6) 127.4
(2.3) 49.1
(1.1) 16.4
(3.3) 35.0
(10.3) 227.9
(5.5) 142.8
(2.2) 47.6
(1.0) 17.7
(3.0) 36.8)
(11.7) 244.9

25. (Production “000” tonnes)
Year
Punjab
Sindh
NWFP
Balochistan
Pakistan
   
127.6
59.4
15.4
28.2
230.6
   
130.5
58.8
8.5
23.5
221.3
   
146.1
57.6
8.9
22.4
235.0
    
151.3
57.3
9.0
20.6
238.2
    
142.5
47.6
10.2
15.5
215.8
    
(2.3) 108.6
(3.8) 44.7
(0.7) 8.6
(2.4) 18.9
(9.2) 180.8
(2.9) 120.2
(3.1) 70.1
(0.5) 9.4
(2.2) 21.3
(8.7) 221.0
(3.4) 103.6
(2.7) 50.3
(0.5) 7.6
(2.2) 18.5
(8.8) 180.0
(3.1) 120.5
(2.6) 51.1
(0.5) 7.4)
(2.0) 19.9
(11.2) 198.9
Note:- Figures in parenthesis are of canola

26. (Yield in Kgs per hectare)
Year
Punjab
Sindh
NWFP
Balochistan
Pakistan
    
990
799
579
599
836
    
967
773
435
609
823
    
969
803
447
586
837
    
962
850
597
851
    
900
896
472
640
839
    
455
612
795
886
996
480
530
831
817
1031
463
540
793
844
1073
418
541
812

27. Questions