1. Human Neuropsychology,
Bryan Kolb & Ian Q. Whishaw’s
Fundamentals of
Human Neuropsychology,
Sixth Edition
Chapter 20
Lecture PPT
Prepared by Gina Mollet, Adams State College

2. Emotion

3. Portrait: Agenesis of the Frontal Lobe
J.P.
Normal intelligence
Emotional problems; showed only anger
Had no fear of being lost, inappropriate social behaviors
Behavioral problems
Missing right frontal lobe and 50% of the left

4. The Nature of Emotion Emotion older than thought
Emotion contributes to logical thinking
Unconscious Interference
Processes outside of awareness
Used by neuropsychologists to refer to nonconscious brain processes

5. Feeling Emotion Paul Ekman Six basic emotions Anger Fear Disgust
Surprise
Happiness
Sadness
All universally recognized

7. What is Emotion? Affect Four components of emotion
Conscious subjective feeling about a stimulus
Four components of emotion
Physiology
Distinctive motor behavior
Self-reported cognition
Unconscious behavior

8. Historical Views: Investigating the Anatomy
Bard
Decorticated dogs showed rage behavior
Emotional responses depend on the diencephalon
Early studies
The cortex inhibited emotional responses of the thalamus and hypothalamus

9. Historical Views: The Emotional Brain
Papez
Limbic lobe is the basis of emotion
Limbic structures act on the hypothalamus to produce emotional states

10. Historical Views: Cortical Connections of Emotion
Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
Results from bilateral removal of the amygdala and inferior temporal cortex
Tameness and loss of fear
Indiscriminate dietary behavior
Autoerotic, homosexual, and heterosexual activity
Hypermetamorphosis
Examination of objects by mouth
Visual agnosia

11. Historical Views: Cortical Connections of Emotion
Psychosurgery
Egas Moniz
Use of frontal lobotomies to treat behavioral problems
Frontal lobotomies
Severe effects on social and affective behavior

12. Studies in Normal Subjects
Laterality studies
Social cognitive neuroscience

13. Production of Affective Behavior
Left side bias in production of facial expressions of emotion
May be a right hemisphere specialization for expressing and interpreting nonverbal behavior

14. Perception of Relevant Stimuli
Vision
Left visual field superiority in the identification of facial affect
Films are judged more unpleasant and produce greater ANS activation when presented to the right hemisphere
Audition
Left ear advantage for the identification of emotional tone of voice

15. Personality Differences and Brain Structure
Canli and colleagues
Extroverts higher activation in the anterior cingulate to positive stimuli
Higher activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate to emotional conflict in individuals high in neuroticism

17. Candidate Structures in Emotional Behavior
Processing emotional stimuli
Multiple neural systems for emotional stimuli
Sensory systems for species specific behavior may be separate
Example: Olfaction in the cat
Flehmen - behavior produced in the cat when it smells an odor from another cat

19. Brain Circuits for Emotion
The limbic system
Amygdala and prefrontal cortex especially important for emotion
Amygdala
Input from all sensory systems
Multimodal cells
Sensitive to threatening or dangerous stimuli

21. Frontal Lesions in Monkeys
Behavioral Changes after Frontal Lesions
Reduced social interaction
Loss of social dominance
Inappropriate social interaction
Altered social preference
Reduced affect
Reduced vocalization

22. Premorbid Emotional Processes
Differences in behavior before brain injury leads to different behavior after the brain injury
Effects of lesions on memory and language are more consistent than effects on emotion

23. Neuropsychological Theories of Emotion
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
When confronted with a stimulus of biological importance, the brain and body change
Reductions in body reactions lead to reduced intensity of emotion
Emotion is fundamental to survival
Emotion is necessary for rationale decisions

25. Neuropsychological Theories of Emotion
Cognitive-Emotional Interactions
Emotion enhances survival and is interrelated with cognition
Uses fear conditioning as a model system
Circuits in the amygdala interact with cortical circuits to influence affective behavior

27. Snapshot: Brain Activation in Social Cognition
Camille and colleagues
Examined feelings of regret in normals and patients with orbitofrontal lesions
Orbitofrontal patients showed no regret
Coricelli and colleagues
Experience and anticipation of regret was associated with activation in the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala

29. Neuropsychological Theories of Emotion
Cognitive Asymmetry and Emotion
Right hemisphere more engaged in automatic components of emotion
Generates feelings
Left hemisphere plays a role in the cognitive control of emotion
Interprets feelings

30. Asymmetry in Emotional Processing
The Production of Emotional Behavior
Left hemisphere lesions lead to a flattened mood
Anterior lesions reduce facial expressions
Left frontal lesions decrease talking
Aprosodia appears after right hemisphere lesions
Ross - Development aprosodias analogous to the aphasias

34. Asymmetry in Emotional Processing
Interpretation of Emotional Behavior
Right hemisphere lesions produce deficits in comprehension and judgment of emotion
Right frontal lobe lesions produce impairments in understanding and using humor
Right frontal lobe and temporal lobe lesions produce impairments on facial expression tests
Effects may depend on the emotion examined

39. Asymmetry in Emotional Processing
Temporal Lobe Personality
Distinctive set of personality traits appear after temporal lobe lesions
Right temporal lobe patients - obsessive
Left temporal lobe patients - personal destiny

41. Social Cognitive Neuroscience
Understanding Other’s Actions
Biological motion
Cells of the STS
Mirror neurons
Premotor cortex

42. Social Cognitive Neuroscience
Understanding Other’s Mind
Theory of mind
Ability to attribute mental states to self and others
Ability to understand behaviors on the basis of mental states
Neural regions active during social judgment
Frontal lobe
Amygdala
STS cortex

44. Social Cognitive Neuroscience
The Self and Social Cognition
Generation of the “self”
Right frontoparietal network
Recognition of our own face
Cortical midline network
Monitor psychological states in others and the self

46. Social Cognitive Neuroscience
Cognitive Control of Emotion
Cognitive processes can change emotional responses
Example: pain expectancy and pain perception
Activation of the prefrontal and cingulate cortex during re-appraisal of self-emotions