1. Dinanath Bhandari  Explored areas  Concepts and approaches  initiatives and practices  Issues Adaptation in Nepal: concepts, practices and issues

2. Explored areas Policies and plans Initiatives and practices - local and funded ones in different climatic regions Published reports and opinion papers Workshop sharing and views expressed in public

3. Concepts Assessment of vulnerability and root causes Segregation of development problems and climate change impacts Identifying root causes and inter-linkages Consideration of upstream and downstream linkages Consideration of trends and uncertainty Adaptation Approaches (in discourse) Sectoral approaches (water, forest, agriculture) Ecosystem, Community, Risk Reduction Approaches Layers - NAPA, LAPA, … Few are based on learning from practices

4. The future…our best guess –?–? Today + 3 to 5 years –+ 30 years and beyond - 20 years Climate model projections –Likely max. –Likely min. –Likely avg. –Trend: –10 year avg. –10 year max. –10 year min. Dimension (Wet season rainfall, max temp, flood etc.) - 10 years Towards best guess for future @ V2R Practical Action, 2011

5. Approaches in Practice Building on existing livelihoods Assessment of livelihoods (sensitivity) Market and other external influences Diversifying options based on local resources, skills and markets Exploring opportunities of the change From sectoral to integrated approaches Exploration of interlinkages and connectivity Building up natural resource base - the natural resilience capacity Win-win> No regret > low regret actions on NRM

6. Approaches in practice… Correction/improvement of erosive livelihoods and practices Barriers of resilience building Faulty livelihood practices - slash-burn agriculture in fragile hill slopes, free grazing/overpopulated unproductive livestock/rearing practices, liquor making/fire wood sale, manure/fertilizer/pesticide application, mono-culture. Dominance of elites in exploitation of resources Families over community One group over the community – community forestry One community over another (many downstream over upstream, middlemen over farmers) Faulty development practices/policies - unplanned settlements Sectoral coordination - diversifying crops and breeds vs one village one product

7. Prerequisites - the realization Basic development/infrastructure Level of awareness and commitment at all levels Sustainability - stability in changing environment Reliable mechanism for exchange of right information Holistic understanding connecting parts - resources, technologies, markets …. to build on a resilient whole

8. Living with the uncertainty - the preparedness Example 1. Crop production has increased due to improved access to irrigation. Rice increased due to timely sowing of seeds and transplantation. There is additional opportunity of growing maize, vegetables and other winter crops. But this year, there has been untimely rainfall at harvesting time. People need to be prepared to opportunities and uncertainties. Example 2. 'All the season was good but a single event has damaged significant amount of crop. In Kaski district alone, hailstone and rainfall damaged rice crop of ~140,000,000 ($1.8 M)' (Source DADO/DDRC, Kaski, 2011) CSDRM for extreme events – prevention, preparedness and response mechanisms are necessary

9. Issues and constraints Lack of sufficient information – missing and unreliability of met information Attributing ‘everything’ to climate change plantation failed but it was attributed to climate change there was landslide in a village – attributed to climate change (geology, slope, land use??) Synchronizing Policy - Practice interface Adaptation objectives vs. organizational objectives Collaboration/coordination within diversity of actions Balance in priorities – gender issues, disparity, sectors and actors Community forest vs extended wildlife corridors, diversifying crops and breeds vs one village one product Communities at center Vs. Sector at the center CC a separate issue or a issue in each sector

10. Issues and constraints Limits of adaptation – when a water source completely dries off?

13. Challenges Prerequisites (development and adaptation together) Exchange of information community to policy and policy to community Bringing uniformities amid diverse understandings Too many concepts, too little actions

14. Thank You