1. PATH216 Mohamed M. B. Alnoor SAFETY and INJURY PREVENTION

2.  Definition of injury  Epidemiologic Triangle  Causes of Accident  Impact of injury and accidents  Prevention of Injury CONTENT

3.  Injury: Physical damage due to transfer of energy Definition: kinetic thermal chemical electrical radiant Over a period of time: “exposure” either acute or chronic INJURY

4.  Accident: An unexpected occurrence, happening by chance  Injury: a definable, understandable, predictable, preventable, correctable event, with specific risks for occurrence. Injury, Not Accident! Definition: INJURY  A result of poorly managed risk

5. Epidemiologic Triangle “Prevention is the vaccine for the disease of injury.” Environment Host AGENT A causal relationship! Definition: INJURY  “Disease of injury” concept

6. Causes of Accident Accidents are caused by: – Unsafe acts – Unsafe conditions Most difficult to address Changing behavior isn’t easy Best prevented by developing a “safety culture” INJURY

7. Unsafe Conditions  Easiest to correct (and very cost effective)  Easiest to prevent Safety audits Safety inspections Maintenance schedules for equipment Encouraging employee reporting Good housekeeping INJURY Causes of Accident

8. Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix INJURY Causes of Accident ENVIRONMENTVEHICLEHUMAN PRE EVENT EVENT POST EVENT

9. ENVIRONMENTVEHICLEHUMAN VISIBILITY PAVEMENT SIGNALS CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS BREAKS TIRES AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS AGE EXPERIENCE ALCOHOL DRUGS SPEED PRE EVENT GUARD RAILS MEDIANS BREAKAWAY POSTS AIR BAGS AUTOMATIC BELTS CRASHWORTHINESS BELT USE HELMET USE TOLERANCE EVENT EMS SYSTEM FIRST RESPONDER BYSTANDER CARE POST-CRASH FUEL LEAKS FIRE AGE PHYSICAL CONDITION POST EVENT Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix INJURY Causes of Accident

10. Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix INJURY Causes of Accident ENVIRONMENTVEHICLEHUMAN AGE EXPERIENCE ALCOHOL DRUGS SPEED PRE EVENT EVENT POST EVENT

11. Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix INJURY Causes of Accident ENVIRONMENTVEHICLEHUMAN DEFECTS: BREAKS TIRES AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS AGE EXPERIENCE ALCOHOL DRUGS SPEED PRE EVENT EVENT POST EVENT

12. Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix INJURY Causes of Accident ENVIRONMENTVEHICLEHUMAN VISIBILITY PAVEMENT SIGNALS CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS BREAKS TIRES AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS AGE EXPERIENCE ALCOHOL DRUGS SPEED PRE EVENT EVENT POST EVENT

13. Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix INJURY Causes of Accident ENVIRONMENTVEHICLEHUMAN VISIBILITY PAVEMENT SIGNALS CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS BREAKS TIRES AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS AGE EXPERIENCE ALCOHOL DRUGS SPEED PRE EVENT BELT USE HELMET USE TOLERANCE EVENT POST EVENT

14. Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix INJURY Causes of Accident ENVIRONMENTVEHICLEHUMAN VISIBILITY PAVEMENT SIGNALS CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS BREAKS TIRES AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS AGE EXPERIENCE ALCOHOL DRUGS SPEED PRE EVENT AIR BAGS AUTOMATIC BELTS CRASHWORTHINESS BELT USE HELMET USE TOLERANCE EVENT POST EVENT

15. Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix INJURY Causes of Accident ENVIRONMENTVEHICLEHUMAN VISIBILITY PAVEMENT SIGNALS CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS BREAKS TIRES AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS AGE EXPERIENCE ALCOHOL DRUGS SPEED PRE EVENT GUARD RAILS MEDIANS BREAKAWAY POSTS AIR BAGS AUTOMATIC BELTS CRASHWORTHINESS BELT USE HELMET USE TOLERANCE EVENT POST EVENT

16. Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix INJURY Causes of Accident ENVIRONMENTVEHICLEHUMAN VISIBILITY PAVEMENT SIGNALS CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS BREAKS TIRES AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS AGE EXPERIENCE ALCOHOL DRUGS SPEED PRE EVENT GUARD RAILS MEDIANS BREAKAWAY POSTS AIR BAGS AUTOMATIC BELTS CRASHWORTHINESS BELT USE HELMET USE TOLERANCE EVENT AGE PHYSICAL CONDITION POST EVENT

17. Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix INJURY Causes of Accident ENVIRONMENTVEHICLEHUMAN VISIBILITY PAVEMENT SIGNALS CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS BREAKS TIRES AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS AGE EXPERIENCE ALCOHOL DRUGS SPEED PRE EVENT GUARD RAILS MEDIANS BREAKAWAY POSTS AIR BAGS AUTOMATIC BELTS CRASHWORTHINESS BELT USE HELMET USE TOLERANCE EVENT POST-CRASH FUEL LEAKS FIRE AGE PHYSICAL CONDITION POST EVENT

18. Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix INJURY Causes of Accident ENVIRONMENTVEHICLEHUMAN VISIBILITY PAVEMENT SIGNALS CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS BREAKS TIRES AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS AGE EXPERIENCE ALCOHOL DRUGS SPEED PRE EVENT GUARD RAILS MEDIANS BREAKAWAY POSTS AIR BAGS AUTOMATIC BELTS CRASHWORTHINESS BELT USE HELMET USE TOLERANCE EVENT EMS SYSTEM FIRST RESPONDER BYSTANDER CARE POST-CRASH FUEL LEAKS FIRE AGE PHYSICAL CONDITION POST EVENT

19. Factors influencing Road Injuries, The Haddon Matrix INJURY Causes of Accident ENVIRONMENTVEHICLEHUMAN VISIBILITY PAVEMENT SIGNALS CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS BREAKS TIRES AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS AGE EXPERIENCE ALCOHOL DRUGS SPEED PRE EVENT GUARD RAILS MEDIANS BREAKAWAY POSTS AIR BAGS AUTOMATIC BELTS CRASHWORTHINESS BELT USE HELMET USE TOLERANCE EVENT EMS SYSTEM FIRST RESPONDER BYSTANDER CARE POST-CRASH FUEL LEAKS FIRE AGE PHYSICAL CONDITION POST EVENT

20. Categories of injury prevention:  Primary prevention:  Secondary prevention:  Tertiary prevention: Eliminate the event Diminish effect Improve outcomes INJURY Injury Prevention PRE EVENT POST EVENT EVENT

21.  Direct Costs Medical Costs(including worker’s compensation) Indemnity Payments  Indirect Costs Time Lost (by worker and supervisor) Schedule delays Training new employees Cleanup time / equipment repairs Legal fees Cost of Accidents INJURY

22. The Iceberg Effect Cost of Accidents On average, the indirect costs of accidents exceed the direct costs by a 4:1 ratio INJURY

23. Examples of effective injury prevention: Highway speed limits Apartment window guards Smoke detectors Child passenger restraint laws “Cycle” helmet laws Strategies of injury prevention: INJURY Injury Prevention

24.  Establish accountability for safety  Define safety responsibilities Safety Cultures INJURY Injury Prevention

25.  Establish accountability for safety Safety Cultures INJURY Injury Prevention Employees should be evaluated on their safety Performance: Doing a job correctly includes doing it safely

26.  Define safety responsibilities Employee responsibilities include  Maintaining good housekeeping  Recognizing and reporting safety hazards  Using personal protective equipment (PPE) Safety Cultures INJURY Injury Prevention

27.  Providing access to information  Providing personal protective equipment  Providing training Safety Cultures INJURY Injury Prevention  Define safety responsibilities Employer responsibilities include