1. EXTRASOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEMS DETECTION METHODS, RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES MICHAŁ RÓŻYCZKA NICOLAUS COPERNICUS ASTRONOMICAL CENTER 1 ST PLANETS SHOOL, HEIDELBERG, OCT. 8 TH, 2003 AN EASY INTRODUCTION FOR EVERYBODY

2. The first discoveries Observing planet formation Detecting „mature” planets Statistics of extrasolar systems Future space missions

3. THE FIRST DISCOVERIES

4. ALEX WOLSZCZAN 2 PLANETS (NOW 3) 1600 LIGHT YEARS FROM THE SUN CONSTELLATION VIRGO 1 ST EXTRASOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEM ANNOUNCED IN JANUARY 1992

5. SUN MERCURY VENUS EARTH DISTANCE (EARTH = 1) PSR 1257+12 A B C

6. SUN MERCURY VENUS EARTH DISTANCE (EARTH = 1) PSR 1257+12 A B C

8. THE FIRST EXTRASOLAR SYSTEM : CERTAINLY GLORIOUS...... BUT RATHER UNFRIENDLY SURPRISING... BUT PROMISING

9. MICHEL MAYOR DIDIER QUELOZ STAR 51 PEGASI 40 LIGHT YEARS FROM THE SUN CONSTELLATION PEGASUS 1 ST PLANET AT A SOLAR-LIKE STAR ANNOUNCED IN OCTOBER 1995 LONG BEFORE THAT STARBIRTH-PROCESSES HAVE BEEN STUDIED, YIELDING CLUES ABOUT PLANET FORMATION

10. OBSERVING PLANET FORMATION (INDIRECTLY)

11. 50 000 LIGHT YEARS

12. 25 000 LIGHT YEARS 10 11 STARS

13. MILKY WAY – STARS ONLY

14. MILKY WAY – VISIBLE LIGHT

15. MILKY WAY - INFRARED

16. 3-6×10 9 M  CO, 2.64 mm INFRARED 300 l.y. CO 3×10 5 M  mostly H 2

17. ORION STAR-FORMING REGION ORION NEBULA

18. VISIBLE 2.5 l.y. INFRARED

19. ORION NEBULA AGE: A FEW MILLION YEARS 150 objects R = 50 -1000 AU M > 600 M  (H 2 emission; absorption of visible light emitted by the nebula )

20. M > 2000 M 

21. Concave Disk

22. AGE: 10 8 years dust mass: 0.1 M  gas mass: 100 M  Infrared 1,2  resolution 0,12’’ 50 AU  Pictoris 63 l.y. 1.7 M 

23. STARS ARE BORN WITH CIRCUMSTELLAR DISCS THE DISCS DISPERSE WITHIN ~ 10 7 YEARS DETAILS OF STAR AND DISC FORMATION UNKNOWN DETAILS OF DISC DISPERSAL UNKNOWN

24. RESIDUAL DISCS SEEM TO CONTAIN MORE THAN JUST DUST

25. WARP A PLANET?  Pictoris

26. HOLE WARP OUTER PLANET? INNER PLANET(S)? FOMALHAUT 25 l.y. 2.8 M  AGE: 10 8 years dust mass: 0.1 M  HOLE OUTER PLANET

27. INDIRECT EVIDENCE: RESIDUAL DISCS CONTAIN PLANETS

28. DETECTING MATURE PLANETS

29. JUPITER SHINES WEAKER THAN THE SUN: 1 000 000 000 TIMES (visible light) 50 000 TIMES (infrared) 5 000 TIMES (mm and sub-mm)

30. JUPITER OBSERVED FROM THE NEAREST STAR 0.1” DISTANT FROM THE SUN „DROWNED” IN SUNSHINE !! PSF, SEEING, ZODIACAL LIGHT, BACKGROUD SKY REMNANT DISK

31. AND YET WITHIN THE LAST 8 YEARS MORE THAN 110 EXTRASOLAR PLANETS HAVE BEEN FOUND HOW ??

32. POPULAR VIEW

33. POPULAR VIEW

34. REALITY X = CENTER OF MASS SYSTEM VIEWED POLE-ON (RARE)

35. REALITY SYSTEM VIEWED OBLIQUELY (MORE COMMON)

36. ...BUT THE PLANET CANNOT BE SEEN MOTIONS OF THE STAR BETRAY ITS PRESENCE !

37. X EARTH X JUPITER 150 000 000 km 30 km/s 450 km 9 cm/s 780 000 000 km 13 km/s 750 000 km 13 m/s

38. 2010 2000 2005 1995 1990 2015 2020 0.002” MOTIONS OF THE SUN VIEWED FROM A STAR 30 LIGHT YEARS AWAY 0.002’’ IS THE ANGULAR SIZE OF A MAN ON THE MOON OR A STANDARD NEWSPAPER FONT 300 KM AWAY

39. STELLAR WOBBLE RECEDING: REDDER APPROACHING: BLUER

41. 1 Angstrom = 10 -8 cm

42. PLANET DETECTION DUE TO STELLAR WOBBLE -50 -100 0 100 50 m/s 0321 days K P i to the observer normal to the orbit VV K = V  sin i

43. PLANET DETECTION DUE TO STELLAR WOBBLE K = V  sin i M  K /(sin i V PL ) M PL sin i = M  K / V PL

44. KNOWN: COMPUTED: 3.MASS OF THE STAR * 2.AMPLITUDE OF VELOCITY VARIATIONS 1.ORBITAL PERIOD 1.MASS OF THE PLANET (LOWER LIMIT) 2.ORBITAL RADIUS

45. ANOTHER EFFECT: TRANSIT PLANET IN FRONT OF THE STAR

46. TIME BRIGHTNESS TRANSIT 1% LIGHT CURVE

47. ANDRZEJ UDALSKI MACIEJ KONACKI STAR OGLE-TR-56 ~5000 LIGHT YEARS FROM THE SUN CONSTELLATION SAGITTARIUS FIRST DETECTION OF A PLANET VIA THE TRANSIT PHENOMENON ANNOUNCED IN 2002/2003

49. KNOWN: COMPUTED: 1.MASS OF THE PLANET (LOWER LIMIT) 2.RADIUS AND SHAPE OF THE ORBIT 4.LIGHT CURVE 1.ORBITAL PERIOD 2.AMPLITUDE OF VELOCITY VARIATIONS 3.MASS OF THE STAR 3.RADIUS OF THE PLANET COMPUTED: 1.MASS OF THE PLANET 2.RADIUS AND SHAPE OF THE ORBIT

50. BASIC STATISTICS OF EXTRASOLAR PLANETS

51. data from February 2001 semimajor axis (AU) excentricity e e=(a 2 -b 2 ) 1/2 /a b a

52. ASTRONOMICAL UNITS EARTH’S ORBIT COMPOSITE EXTRASOLAR SYSTEM -1

53. ASTRONOMICAL UNITS EARTH’S ORBIT COMPOSITE EXTRASOLAR SYSTEM -2 MERCURY’S ORBIT „ JUPITERS” DEEP INSIDE MERCURY’S ORBIT !!!

54. Planetary system of  And Solar system 0.06 AU 4.5 days 0.75 M J 2.5 AU 3.5 years 4 M J 0.85 AU 242 days 2 M J 0.39 AU 89 days 0.73 AU 228 days 1 AU 1 year 1.54 AU 1.9 years Source: Harvard-Smithsonian CfA

55. EXPECTED: NEARLY CIRCULAR ORBITS BIG PLANETS FAR AWAY FROM THE STAR NO PLANETS BIGGER THAN JUPITER DISCOVERED: STRONGLY ELONGATED ORBITS BIG PLANETS VERY CLOSE TO THE STAR MANY PLANETS BIGGER THAN JUPITER

56. CONCLUSION SOME PLANETARY SYSTEMS HAVE FORMED AND/OR EVOLVED ENTIRELY DIFFERENTLY THAN THE SOLAR SYSTEM QUESTIONS: WHO WE ARE: COSMIC STANDARD OR COSMIC EXCEPTION? ARE THERE ANY EARTH-LIKE PLANETS AT DISTANT STARS?

57. Distribution of masses of known extrasolar planets. About 1000 stars have been surveyed: a nearly complete sample of solar-type stars within 30 pc. Occurrence varies inversely with mass.

58. PLANETS AND METALLICITY

59. FUTURE SPACE MISSIONS RELATED TO EXTRASOLAR PLANETS

60. SIRTF INFRARED PROTOSTARS PTOTPLANETARY DISCS LAUNCH: AUGUST 25 TH This engineering image is a quick look at the sky through the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC), one of three scientific instruments aboard SIRTF. The instrument was powered on for a brief electronics checkout, and some imagesof the sky were taken to test whether the IRAC detectors were functioning. The 5 arcmin x 5 arcmin image was taken in a low Galactic latitude region in the constellation Perseus. 3.09.2003

61. COROT, KEPLER, EDDINGTON LAUNCH IN 3-5 YEARS TRANSITS SEARCH FOR EARTH-LIKE PLANTES

62. SIM WOBBLE DUE TO EARTH-LIKE PLANTES LAUNCH IN ~6 YEARS

64. ORBITAL PERIOD (YEARS) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Solar System STELLAR MASS ( M  ) A M K G F B Kepler search space habitable zone Main Sequence STELLAR RADIUS ORBITAL RADIUS (AU )

65. DARWIN LAUNCH IN MIN. 11 YEARS DIRECT OBSERVATIONS OF EARTH-LIKE PLANETS INTENSITY × 1/10 000 cm

67. The 2001 decadal review of astronomy and astrophysics, prepared by the U.S. National Research Council, stated that: the discovery of life on another planet is potentially one of the most important scientific advances of this century it would have enormous philosophical implications

68. IN MORE PRACTICAL TERMS: PLANETS ATTRACT MONEY

69. ASTRONOMICAL UNIT 1AU = 150 000 000 km = 8.3 light minutes LIGHT YEAR 1l.y. = 63 115 AU = 10 13 km