1. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Eleven Living with Cancer and Chronic Conditions

2. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Status of Cancer Today Annually, over 1.2 million people developed cancer [U.S. 2002] Annually, over 1.2 million people developed cancer [U.S. 2002] Contributing factors could be: Contributing factors could be: agingaging tobacco usetobacco use high fat foodshigh fat foods pollutionpollution no health insuranceno health insurance lack of educationlack of education

3. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cell Regulation Cells perform important daily functions Cells perform important daily functions Regulatory genes – responsible for monitoring cell replication, specialization, DNA repair, and suppression Regulatory genes – responsible for monitoring cell replication, specialization, DNA repair, and suppression Oncogenes – faulty regulatory genes that fail to function properly Oncogenes – faulty regulatory genes that fail to function properly Proto-oncogenes –normal regulatory genes that may become oncogenes Proto-oncogenes –normal regulatory genes that may become oncogenes

4. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Oncogene Formation All cells have proto-oncogenes All cells have proto-oncogenes 3 mechanisms that contribute to oncogene formation: 3 mechanisms that contribute to oncogene formation: 1.genetic mutations 2.viral infections 3.presence of carcinogens, environmental agents

5. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Characteristics of a Cancerous Cell Infinite life expectancy (telomerase enzyme) Infinite life expectancy (telomerase enzyme) Absence of contact inhibition Absence of contact inhibition Absence of cellular cohesiveness (metastasis) Absence of cellular cohesiveness (metastasis) Ability to control extra blood supply (angiogenesis potential) Ability to control extra blood supply (angiogenesis potential)

6. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Types of Cancers CarcinomaCarcinoma SarcomaSarcoma LymphomaLymphoma LeukemiaLeukemia Melanoma Melanoma Neuroblastoma Neuroblastoma Adenocarcinoma Adenocarcinoma Hepatoma Hepatoma Benign vs. malignant growths are not always safe

7. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. How Cancer Spreads

8. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Common Cancer Sites of the Body Lung Lung Breast Breast Uterus Uterus Vagina Vagina Ovary Ovary Lymph Lymph Cervix Cervix Prostate Prostate Testicle Testicle Colon/rectum Colon/rectum Pancreas Pancreas Skin Skin

9. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Self-Check (Breast)

10. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Self-Check (Testicles)

11. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. ABCDE’s of Skin Cancer A Asymmetry B Border C Color D Diameter E Elevation

12. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 7 Warning Signs of Cancer C C hange in bowel/bladder habits A A sore that won’t heal U U nusual bleeding T T hickening or lump I I ndigestion O O bvious change in wart/mole N N agging cough

13. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Treatment for Cancer Surgery Surgery Radiation Radiation Chemotherapy Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Immunotherapy Alternative cancer therapies Alternative cancer therapies

14. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Risk Reduction Know family history Know family history Avoid tobacco Avoid tobacco Eat properly Eat properly Monitor environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogens Monitor environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogens

15. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Risk Reduction (cont’d) Control body weight Control body weight Exercise regularly Exercise regularly Limit UV rays Limit UV rays Consume alcohol moderately Consume alcohol moderately

16. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Other Chronic Health Conditions Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus Crohn’s Disease Crohn’s Disease Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and 2) Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and 2) Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease

17. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Eleven Living with Cancer and Chronic Conditions