1. Cell Reproduction
Mitosis & Meiosis

3. Cell Cycle
G1 (Gap 1)- cells carry out normal metabolic activities for day to day functions.
S (Synthesis)- DNA is replicated (duplicated, copied).
G2 (Gap 2)- cell prepares for cell division by doubling cell organelles.

4. Mitosis
A stage of the cell cycle that involves the division of the nucleus into two new nuclei that contain identical copies of the genetic information.
Mitosis is divided into 4 stages based on the cellular events: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. (PMAT)
If you include Interphase (IPMAT – I phoned mom and talked)

5. Functions of Mitosis 1. Growth 2. Repair regenerate damaged tissues.
3. Regeneration of entire body parts simpler organisms.
4. Maintenance of the body.
Mitosis and cytokinesis occur in our body cells (aka somatic cells)

6. Interphase Period of growth & development
Hereditary information (DNA) copied (replicated / duplicated)
Cells that do not divide (nerves) are always in interphase

8. Prophase DNA begins to shorten & thicken Centromeres form
Now called chromatids/chromosomes
Centromeres form
Nuclear membrane breaks apart
Spindle fibers begin to form

10. Metaphase Chromatids / chromosomes line up
Centromere attaches to spindle fibers

12. Anaphase Centromeres divide Spindle fibers shorten
Sister chromatid pairs separate – move to opposite ends of the cell.

14. Telophase Spindle fibers begin to disappear
Chromosomes begin to uncoil
Nuclear membrane starts to re-form
Cell plate (plant cell) or Cleavage furrow (animal cell) becomes highly noticeable.

16. Cytokinesis (Cell Cutting)
The division of the cytoplasm is know as cell cutting. This signals the end of Mitosis.
After the cells membrane or wall forms a complete new barrier between the two sister cells. We would say cytokinesis has just occurred.

18. Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

19. Mitosis Animation

20. Results of Mitosis Division of nucleus
Nuclei are identical to each other
Same number & type of chromosomes

21. Asexual Reproduction
A type of reproduction - fission, budding, and regeneration - in which a new organism is produced from one parent and has DNA identical to the parent organism.

22. Asexual Reproduction Offspring produced from one organism
Hereditary information is identical
Mitosis is one form of asexual reproduction

23. Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis

24. Sexual Reproduction
A type of reproduction in which two sex cells, usually an egg and a sperm, join to form a zygote, which will develop into a new organism with a unique identity.

25. Sexual reproduction results in a great variety, or diversity, of offspring.

26. Meiosis The nucleus divides twice
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Final Product will be 4 cells from one parent that contains ½ the original amount of chromosomes as the parent.

29. Interphase Same as in Mitosis. Normal life cycle functions of the cell
Divided into 3 stages:
G1 (Gap 1)- Growth and development
S (Synthesis Phase) - DNA is duplicated
G2 (Gap 2)- Organelles double in preparation for separation

30. Prophase I DNA begins to shorten & thicken Centromeres form
Now called chromatids/chromosomes
Centromeres form
Nuclear membrane breaks apart
Spindle fibers begin to form
CROSSING OVER may occur.

32. Metaphase I
Copied chromatids / chromosomes line up in middle of cell in HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS
Centromeres attach to spindle fibers

34. Anaphase I Chromatid pairs are NOT pulled apart
Homologous chromosomes separate and move to the poles.
Chromatid pairs are NOT pulled apart
They DO NOT separate
Chromatids move to ends of cell

35. http://biotech-adventure. okstate

36. Telophase I May or May Not occur.
If it does:
Normal telophase, X-somes uncoil, nucleus appears, cell divides
No further replication of hereditary material

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38. Cells carry one duplicated copy of a single chromosome.
There are now two cells with each cell carrying only ½ the original chromosome number. (HAPLOID)
Cells carry one duplicated copy of a single chromosome.
They do not normally or necessarily carry the same genetic information as the parent cell or the sister chromatid.
Because the chromosome number decreases this phase of meiosis is known as Reduction Division.

39. Prophase II Similar to mitosis Starts with TWO cells instead of one
Spindle fibers appear
Nucleus disappears (if reformed)

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41. Metaphase II
Duplicated chromatid / chromosomes line up in middle of cell
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres

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43. Anaphase II Centromere divides
Chromatids separate & move to ends of cell
Chromatids are now individual chromosomes

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45. Telophase II Spindle fibers disappear
Nuclear membranes form at each end of cell
Cells divide
Results in 4 cells
Each with ½ the original number of chromosomes

46. http://biotech-adventure. okstate

47. Meiosis Animation

48. In summary: Meiosis Two cells form during meiosis I
In meiosis II, both of these cells form two cells
The two divisions of the nucleus result in four sex cells (gametes)
Each has one-half the number of chromosomes in its nucleus that was in the original nucleus