1. Inflammatory Disorders of Joints ¤ Bursitis ¤ Sprains ¤ Arthritis

2. Bursitis  often called “water on the knee”  caused by inflammation of the synovial membrane  usually fluid is synovial

3. Sprain  Occurs when the ligaments or tendons reinforcing a joint are damaged by too much stretching or when they are torn away from the bone  Because ligaments and tendons are fibrous cords with little blood supply, they heal slowly.

4. Arthritis  Arthritis is an inflammation of the joint  Very painful, most crippling disease in US  Symptoms include pain, stiffness and swelling of the joint.  Depending on the type of arthritis, changes in the joint structure can occur.

5. Types of Arthritis  Osteoarthritis (OA) – joint breaks down over time because of wear and tear  85% of people with arthritis have OA  affects hyaline cartilage  cartilage softens and breaks down  Bones thicken where cartilage breaks down; extra bone is made called bone spurs and restricts joint movement

6. Types of Arthritis  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) – a more severe type of imflammation  RA is an autoimmune disease; the body attacks its own tissue and destroys it  Synovial membranes swell and release bad cells that release chemicals that destroy tissue.  As cartilage is destroyed, scar tissue forma and connects the bones  Cartilage then turns into bones creating deformed joints

7. Rheumatoid Arthritis

8. Types of Arthritis  Gout is a disease where uric acid (waste product) accumulates in the blood  The uric acid forms crystals that are needle- shape in the soft tissues surrounding the joint  Tends to run in families, affects more men then women and usually occurs in the big toe.  Without treatment, the joint bones can fuse and results in the joint being immoveable.

9. Bone Fractures  Simple – refers to a broken bone that does not penetrate the surface of the skin  Compound – broken bone breaks through skin allowing for bacteria to enter and also damaging muscles along the way.

11. Osteoporosis  Osteoporosis is a bone-thinning disease  Afflicts half of women over 65  Bones become so fragile they break easily  Bones of spine often collapse causing a hunched over appearance (Dowager’s Hump)  Also, neck of femur weakens causing a broken hip that requires replacement  Caused by estrogen deficiency after menopause; poor diet (lack of calcium); being over weight

12. Osteoporosis

13. Rickets  Rickets is a disease in children when bones fail to calcify. (cartilage should turn into bone)  Results in bones softening and bending giving the legs a bowing shape.  Usually caused by a lack of calcium or vitamin D